The Wu Xing were mainly used as memory tools, hence the preferred translation of " movements ", " phases " or " steps " over " elements ".

* An Estonian-English-Estonian dictionary with translation memory, 30000 phrases.

The 80386 added a 32-bit architecture and a paging translation unit, which made it much easier to implement operating systems that used virtual memory.

Dynamic address translation required expensive and difficult to build specialized hardware ; initial implementations slowed down access to memory slightly.

Page tables are used to translate the virtual addresses seen by the application into physical addresses used by the hardware to process instructions ; such hardware that handles this specific translation is often known as the memory management unit.

With hardware supporting memory management circuits ( that is, address translation ) and OS-9 Level 2, GUI use was successfully routine, even on the minimal resourced CoCo.

Common flash devices such as USB flash drives and memory cards provide only a block-level interface, or flash translation layer ( FTL ), which writes to a different cell each time to wear-level the device.

A translation memory, or TM, is a database that stores so-called " segments ", which can be sentences, paragraphs or sentence-like units ( headings, titles or elements in a list ) that have previously been translated, in order to aid human translators.

Software programs that use translation memories are sometimes known as translation memory managers ( TMM ).

Research indicates that many companies producing multilingual documentation are using translation memory systems.

The program breaks the source text ( the text to be translated ) into segments, looks for matches between segments and the source half of previously translated source-target pairs stored in a translation memory, and presents such matching pairs as translation candidates.

It is important to note that typical translation memory systems only search for text in the source segment.

The flexibility and robustness of the matching algorithm largely determine the performance of the translation memory, although for some applications the recall rate of exact matches can be high enough to justify the 100 %- match approach.

If a translation memory system is used consistently on appropriate texts over a period of time, it can save translators considerable work.

* For large documentation projects, savings ( in time or money ) thanks to the use of a TM package may already be apparent even for the first translation of a new project, but normally such savings are only apparent when translating subsequent versions of a project that was translated before using translation memory.

The main problems hindering wider use of translation memory managers include:

* Translation memory managers do not easily fit into existing translation or localization processes.

* There is a learning curve associated with using translation memory managers, and the programs must be customized for greatest effectiveness.

* In cases where all or part of the translation process is outsourced or handled by freelance translators working off-site, the off-site workers require special tools to be able to work with the texts generated by the translation memory manager.

Systembolaget (; colloquially known as systemet " the system " or bolaget " the company "; literal English translation: the System Company ) is a government owned chain of liquor stores in Sweden.

After the translation for a segment is completed, the program stores the new translation and moves onto the next segment.

It is also common to see another loan translation,, on signs in department stores and supermarkets, as well as accompanying the public toilet pictogram.

For example, when a student learns a proof for the Pythagorean theorem, his agent intellect abstracts the intelligibility of all the images his eye senses ( and that are a result of the translation by imagination of sense perceptions into immaterial phantasmata ), i. e. the triangles and squares in the diagrams, and stores the concepts that make up the proof in his possible intellect.

The spelling and names in both the 1609 – 1610 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint ( an ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, which is widely used by the Eastern Orthodox instead of the Masoretic text ) differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.

Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm Von Sydow argued against both Scandinavian translation and source material due to his theory that Beowulf is fundamentally Christian and written at a time when any Norse tale would have most likely been pagan in nature.

The Greek translation ( Christos ) is the source of the English word " Christ ".

Original source documents in translation.

Currently several versions of the rules are on line ( complete and summary versions in HTML and PDF, and a German translation in PDF ), along with a sample adventure set in a Victorian Channel Tunnel, plus eleven game collections ( source material plus background worldbook, adventures, etc.

Many modern scholars believe that the Greek Hexapla is the main source for Jerome's " iuxta Hebraeos " translation of the Old Testament.

In NLP, ontologies can be used as a source of knowledge for machine translation systems.

* Anusaaraka, a free open source machine translation from English to Hindi based on Panini grammar and uses state of the art NLP tools.

* Apertium, a free and open source machine translation platform ( WinXLator gives this a Windows GUI )

* Cinthio's Tale — A 19th century English translation of Shakespeare's primary source.

Some critics informally refer to the FitzGerald's English versions as " The Rubaiyat of FitzOmar ", a nickname that both recognizes the liberties FitzGerald inflicted on his purported source and also credits FitzGerald for the considerable portion of the " translation " that is his own creation.

Accepting Aradia as the source of skyclad practice, Robert Chartowich points to the 1998 Pazzaglini translation of these lines, which read " Men and Women / You will all be naked, until / Yet he shall be dead, the last / Of your oppressors is dead.

At first glance, the UNL seems to be a multilingual machine translation system, i. e., a kind of Interlingua, to which the source texts are converted before being translated into the target languages.

In chapter 2, a quote from the anonymous 10th century poem Eiríksmál is provided ( see the Fagrskinna section below for more detail and another translation from another source ):

As recently as 2007, the term nigger brown reappeared in the model label of a Chinese-made sofa, presumably from an out-dated translation source.

Still, even scholars who deny this version the exclusive status of " the only real Arabian Nights " recognize it as being the best source on the original style and linguistic form of the mediaeval work and praise the Haddawy translation as " very readable " and " strongly recommended for anyone who wishes to taste the authentic flavour of those tales ".

The translator can accept a candidate, replace it with a fresh translation, or modify it to match the source.

The first stage of translation after glossary lookup is structural analysis of the input text.

Orazioni e frammenti ( now the standard text, with Italian translation, 1982 )

The works and fragments ( text with English translation, 2001 ) – reviewed in BMCR

Unlike his translation of the Pastoral Care, Alfred here deals very freely with his original and though the late Dr. G. Schepss showed that many of the additions to the text are to be traced not to Alfred himself, but to the glosses and commentaries which he used, still there is much in the work which is solely Alfred's and highly characteristic of his style.

Between 1424 and 1433 he worked on the translation of the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius, which came to be widely circulated in manuscript form and was published at Rome in 1472 ( the first printed edition of the Lives ; the Greek text was printed only in 1533 ).

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae: Fragments and Testimonia: a text and translation with notes and essays University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, ISBN 978-0-8020-9325-7

* Natural language understanding ( and subproblems such as text mining, machine translation, and word sense disambiguation )

This remarkable text, originally written in Latin, is extant only in the 1549 translation of Bishop John Ponet.

Theodotion's translation is much closer to the Masoretic text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version of Daniel, in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself.

One of the most frequent speculations is that the entire book ( excepting 9: 4-20 ) was originally written in Aramaic, with portions translated into Hebrew, possibly to increase acceptance-many Aramaisms in the Hebrew text find proposed explanation by the hypothesis of an inexact initial translation into Hebrew.

This discovery has shed much light on the differences between the two versions ; while it was previously maintained that the Greek Septuagint ( the version used by the earliest Christians ) was only a poor translation, professor Emanuel Tov, senior editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls ' publication, wrote that the Masoretic edition either represents a substantial rewriting of the original Hebrew, or there had previously been two different versions of the text.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, " a comparison of the Masoretic text with the Septuagint throws some light on the last phase in the history of the origin of the Book of Jeremiah, inasmuch as the translation into Greek was already under way before the work on the Hebrew book had come to an end ...

Even if the text of the Septuagint is proved to be the older, it does not necessarily follow that all these variations first arose after the Greek translation had been made, because two different editions of the same text might have been in process of development side by side ..."

The Hebrew text of Jonah ( 1: 17 in English translation ), reads dag gadol ( Hebrew: דג גדול ), which literally means " great fish.

The Vulgate translation was affirmed to be authoritative for the text of Scripture.

The most detailed account of Mangonel use is from “ Eric Marsden's translation of a text written by Ammianus Marcellius in the 4th Century AD ” describing its construction and combat usage.

The Hebrew text with an English translation can be found in the Siddur of Philip Birnbaum.

The translation, as literary critics claim, was not based on Cervantes ' text but mostly upon a French work by Filleau de Saint-Martin and upon notes which Thomas Shelton had written previously.

It is said that his translation was the most honest of all translations, without expansions upon the text or changing of the proverbs.

The most widely known English language translation was made by Sir James Fergusson, formerly Keeper of the Records of Scotland, from text that he reconstructed using this extant copy and early copies of the original draft.

They included two nearly complete copies of the text, referred to as Text A () and Text B (), both of which reverse the traditional ordering and put the Te Ching section before the Tao Ching, which is why the Henricks translation of them is named " Te-Tao Ching ".

* Daodejing Wang Bi edition with English translation, Guodian text, and Mawangdui text-Chinese Text Project