John Searle has used the theory of speech acts to explore the nature of social / institutional reality, so as to describe such aspects of social reality which he instances under the rubrics of “ marriage, property, hiring, firing, war, revolutions, cocktail parties, governments, meetings, unions, parliaments, corporations, laws, restaurants, vacations, lawyers, professors, doctors, medieval knights, and taxes, for example ”.

The medieval qualities in the play are described by Lawrence J Ross as “ the contrasts of eternity and time, the fusion of satirically realistic detail with moral abstraction, the emphatic condemnation of luxury, avarice and superfluity, and the lashing of judges, lawyers, usurers and women ”.

At the death of Louis XIV, the regent Philippe d ' Orléans, in search of political support, satisfied the aristocracy by replacing the ministers and secretaries of state with eight councils ( declarations of September 15 and December 14, 1715 ) which were dominated by the ancient aristocracy ( descending from medieval knights, as opposed to the new aristocracy of recently ennobled lawyers and civil servants ).

Because few copies survive, it is thought that this book was " not widely read by medieval lawyers.

There are also a few parts of both medieval city walls left, most of them integrated into more recent buildings, but some others still visible.

The idea has also some backing in German legend, for example the Gesta Treverorum ( a 12th century German medieval chronicle ) makes Trebeta son of Ninus the founder of Trier.

He also has a residence next to Canterbury Cathedral on the site of the medieval Archbishop's Palace.

During the same period a movement with similar aims had also developed in France under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc a French architect and theorist, famous for his " restorations " of medieval buildings.

Adam of Bremen ( also: Adamus Bremensis ) was a German medieval chronicler.

The ballad probably derives its name from medieval French dance songs or " ballares " ( from which we also get ballet ), as did the alternative rival form that became the French Ballade.

In medieval England, boroughs were also entitled to elect members of parliament.

Cranmer's work of simplification and revision was also applied to the Daily Offices, which were to become Morning, and Evening Prayer ; and which he hoped would also serve as a daily form of prayer to be used by the Laity, thus replacing both the late medieval lay observation of the Latin Hours of the Virgin, and its English equivalent, the Primer.

The concept of zero ( which was also called " cipher "), which we all now think of as natural, was alien to medieval Europe, so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say " talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher ".

A citadel is also a term of the third part of a medieval castle, with higher walls than the rest.

In Scotland, their medieval and post-medieval use is also documented into the early 18th century.

According to Mircea Eliade, the medieval " Gioacchinian myth [...] of universal renovation in a more or less imminent future " has influenced a number of modern theories of history, such as those of Lessing ( who explicitly compares his views to those of medieval " enthusiasts "), Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling, and has also influenced a number of Russian writers.

Christine de Pizan ( also seen as de Pisan ) ( 1363 – c. 1430 ) was a Venetian-born late medieval author who challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the late medieval culture.

In medieval times Delphi was also called Kastri and was built on the archaeological site.

Smith Street was also the site of the town pillory in medieval times.

Ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate ; and to select the Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal.

This statement was likely picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author ( who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies ) asserts that Escalibor " is a Hebrew name which means in French ' cuts iron, steel, and wood '" (" c ' est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust "; note that the word for " steel " here, achier, also means " blade " or " sword " and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies " sharp ", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology ).

In addition to L, P and many other medieval manuscripts, there are also fragments of plays recorded on papyrus.

The Poetic Edda, also known as Sæmundar Edda or the Elder Edda, is a collection of Old Norse poems from the Icelandic medieval manuscript Codex Regius (" Royal Book ").

The new name " Falstaff " probably derived from the medieval knight Sir John Fastolf ( who was also a Lollard ).

The term feudalism has also been applied — often inappropriately or pejoratively — to non-Western societies where institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to prevail.

Another candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the eleventh century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

In Gregory ’ s day, history was not recognized as an independent field of study ; it was a branch of grammar or rhetoric, and historia ( defined as ‘ story ’) summed up the approach of the learned when they wrote what was, at that time, considered ‘ history .’ Gregory ’ s Dialogues Book Two, then, an authentic medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter, is designed to teach spiritual lessons.

Cervantes wrote his work in a form of Old Castilian, the medieval form of the Spanish language.

Scribes in medieval Europe ( about AD 800 to 1500 ) wrote principally on parchment or vellum.

Historians have found evidence of manuscripts where the scribe wrote down the medieval instructions now followed by modern membrane makers.

Guillaume Dufay was a transitional figure in this regard ; he wrote one of the last important motets in the medieval, isorhythmic style, Nuper rosarum flores ( 1436 ), written to commemorate the completion of Filippo Brunelleschi's dome in the Cathedral of Florence.

In the 13th century medieval Europe the English bishop Robert Grosseteste wrote on a wide range of scientific topics discussing light from four different perspectives: an epistemology of light, a metaphysics or cosmogony of light, an etiology or physics of light, and a theology of light, basing it on the works Aristotle and Platonism.

In 1992 Simon Corble wrote a stage version with medieval songs and music for The Midsommer Actors ' Company.

Historians have found evidence of manuscripts where the scribe wrote down the medieval instructions now followed by modern membrane makers.

Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts throughout his life.

" On the topic of omniscience and free will, Jacobs writes that in the medieval period, three views were put forth: Maimonides, who wrote that God had foreknowledge and man is free ; Gersonides, who wrote that man is free and consequently God does not have complete knowledge, and Hasdai Crescas, who wrote in Or Adonai that God has complete foreknowledge and consequently God is not really free.

Curtius wrote as follows in the opening pages of European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages ( 1953 English translation ), following close on Toynbee, as he sets the stage for his vast study of medieval Latin literature.

Pargeter wrote under a number of pseudonyms ; it was under the name Ellis Peters that she wrote crime stories, especially the highly popular series of Brother Cadfael medieval mysteries, many of which were made into films for television.

The medieval scholar Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi ( d. 956 ) wrote that Allah commanded the Earth to absorb the water, and certain portions which were slow in obeying received salt water in punishment and so became dry and arid.

Michel Foucault, who wrote Madness and Civilization, saw in the ship of fools a symbol of the consciousness of sin and evil alive in the medieval mindset and imaginative landscapes of the Renaissance.

Although authors such as Anne Perry wrote in the genre during the next decade, it wasn't until about 1990 that the genre's popularity saw a fairly quick ascent with works such as Lindsey Davis's Falco novels, set in the Roman Empire of Vespasian ; Elizabeth Peters's Amelia Peabody novels, in which the main character is not only a Victorian lady but an early feminist and an archaeologist working in early 20th century Egypt ; Steven Saylor's " Roma Sub Rosa " novels, set in the Roman Republic at the time of Julius Caesar ; John Maddox Roberts's SPQR series set during the Roman Republic ; and P. C. Doherty's various series, including The Sorrowful Mysteries of Brother Athelstan, the Hugh Corbett medieval mysteries, partly indebted to the hardboiled tradition, and the Canterbury Tales of Mystery and Murder.

He also wrote biographies of Pope Alexander VI and Lucrezia Borgia, as well as works on Byzantine history and medieval Athens, and translated Italian authors into German, among them Giovanni Melis.

His followers commissioned Stephen of Ripon to write a Vita Sancti Wilfrithi ( or Life of Wilfrid ) shortly after his death, and the medieval historian Bede also wrote extensively about him.

Anna was noted for her education by the medieval scholar, Niketas Choniates who wrote that Anna “ was ardently devoted to philosophy, the queen of all sciences, and was educated in every field.

In 1845, Ralph Waldo Emerson, alluding to the development of European civilization out of the medieval Dark Ages, wrote in his private journal of America as the Utopian product of a culturally and racially mixed " smelting pot ", but only in 1912 were his remarks first published.

The fantasy oriented lyrics he wrote for Rainbow, concentrated around medieval, renaissance, folk and science fiction themes, directly influenced modern power metal bands.

The medieval Islamic philosopher Avicenna, whilst imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, wrote his famous isolated-but-awake " Floating Man " sensory deprivation thought experiment to explore the ideas of human self-awareness and the substantiality of the soul ; his hypothesis being that it is through intelligence, particularly the active intellect, that God communicates truth to the human mind or conscience.