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The medieval Islamic philosopher Avicenna, whilst imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, wrote his famous isolated-but-awake " Floating Man " sensory deprivation thought experiment to explore the ideas of human self-awareness and the substantiality of the soul ; his hypothesis being that it is through intelligence, particularly the active intellect, that God communicates truth to the human mind or conscience.
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medieval and Islamic
The medieval Islamic scientists were not far behind, as they understood the actual mechanism of bird flight.
The complexity of this law served as an impetus behind the development of algebra ( Arabic: al-jabr ) by the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī and other medieval Islamic mathematicians.
Native Chinese astronomy flourished during the Song Dynasty, and during the Yuan Dynasty became increasingly influenced by medieval Islamic astronomy.
At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world, a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th – 12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency ( the dinar ).
The medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas, perhaps following the Islamic philosopher Avicenna, argued that God is pure being, and that in God essence and existence are the same.
Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour to be mechanized and driven by machinery to some extent in the medieval Islamic world.
During what is often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, in order for a scholar to be qualified to issue a fatwā, it was required that he obtained an ijazat attadris wa ' l-ifta (" license to teach and issue legal opinions ") from a Madrassah in the medieval Islamic legal education system, which was developed by the 9th century during the formation of the Madh ' hab legal schools.
Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that modern geology began in the medieval Islamic world.
From then on Galen and the Greek medical tradition in general became assimilated into the medieval and early modern Islamic Middle East.
Other historians urge caution regarding claims of Islamic firearms use in the 1204-1324 period as late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for gunpowder, naft, that they used for an earlier incendiary naptha.
This evolved into the medieval Islamic Bimaristan hospitals.
conquered by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century AD, and became a center of the Islamic Golden Age during the medieval Abbasid Caliphate.
The four schools of medieval shari ' a ( Islamic law ) disagreed on what punishment is appropriate for liwat.
Anecdotal literature reinforces this impression of general societal acceptance of the public celebration of male-male love ( which hostile Western caricatures of Islamic societies in medieval and early modern times simply exaggerate ).
* Homosexuality in Urdu poetry: Tolerance in medieval India and early Islamic societies
In a commentary of the hadith Sahih Muslim, entitled al-Minhaj, the medieval Islamic scholar Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi stated that " one of the collective duties of the community as a whole ( fard kifaya ) is to lodge a valid protest, to solve problems of religion, to have knowledge of Divine Law, to command what is right and forbid wrong conduct ".
Ibn al-Nadim's bibliography Fihrist demonstrates the devotion of medieval Muslim scholars to books and reliable sources ; it contains a description of thousands of books circulating in the Islamic world circa 1000, including an entire section for books about the doctrines of other religions.
Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.
Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval China, and Sanskrit texts from ancient India and the ancient Islamic World.
Babylonian astronomy served as the basis for much of Greek, classical Indian, Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, medieval Islamic, Central Asian, and Western European astronomy.
Ottoman science and technology had been highly regarded in medieval times, as a result of Ottoman scholars ' synthesis of classical learning with Islamic philosophy and mathematics, and knowledge of such Chinese advances in technology as gunpowder and the magnetic compass.
In the medieval Islamic Caliphate, a form of passport was used in the form of a bara ' a, a receipt for taxes paid.
Though the Napoleonic code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute, protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law and jurisprudence, and in more feudalist forms in the common law courts of medieval and early modern England.
medieval and philosopher
His works frequently cite Talmudic, Midrashic and medieval commentaries on Biblical creation accounts, such as commentaries written by the Jewish philosopher Nachmanides.
Mosheh ben Maimon ( משה בן מימון ), called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (), or RaMBaM ( רמב " ם – Hebrew acronym for " Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon "), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages.
Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been preserved by the Muslims, along with the commentaries of Averroes.
Science in medieval Islam generated some new modes of developing natural knowledge, although still within the bounds of existing social roles such as philosopher and mathematician.
His father, Sergei Nikolaevich Troubetzkoy was a first-rank philosopher whose lineage ascended to the medieval rulers of Lithuania.
* Saint Anselm of Canterbury, a medieval philosopher and theologian, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
** Tulsidas, medieval Hindi poet and philosopher ( d. 1623 )
Based mainly on Aristotle, the first medieval philosopher to work on dialectics was Boethius.
* Henry Mansfield ( died 1328 ), English medieval theologian, philosopher, churchman, and university chancellor
Another famous victim of castration was the medieval French philosopher, scholar, teacher, and ( later ) monk Pierre Abélard.
Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī ( Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi ), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists ( August 26, 865 – 925 ), was a Persian polymath, a prominent figure in Islamic Golden Age, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.
In the 19th century, when the association between trichinosis and undercooked pork was first established, it was suggested this association was the reason for the prohibition, reminiscent of the earlier opinion of the medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides that food forbidden by Jewish law was " unwholesome ".
Saint Bonaventure, O. F. M., (; 1221 – 15 July 1274 ), born Giovanni di Fidanza, was an Italian medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher.
For a political theorist to do this in public was one of Machiavelli's clearest breaks not just with medieval scholasticism, but with the classical tradition of political philosophy, especially the favorite philosopher of Catholicism at the time, Aristotle.
* Raymond Lully ( 1232 – 1315 ), a late medieval Spanish writer and philosopher
* Thomas Aquinas ( 1225-1274 ), the most important Catholic medieval philosopher and theologian
As a celebrated scholastic philosopher and doctor of theology, he is often called Doctor Profundus, ( medieval epithet, meaning " the Profound Doctor ").
Nahmanides, also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça ( de ) Porta and by his acronym Ramban ( 1194 – 1270 ), was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.
The influential medieval philosopher Maimonides maintained a skeptical ambiguity towards creation ex nihilo and considered the stories about Adam more as " philosophical anthropology, rather than as historical stories whose protagonist is the ' first man '.
However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the Islamic philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).
The medieval Persian philosopher and physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi believed in a close relationship between conscience or spiritual integrity and physical health ; rather than being self-indulgent, man should pursue knowledge, use his intellect and apply justice in his life.
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