Since AIDS is now defined partially by the presence of HIV, Duesberg claims it is impossible by definition to offer evidence that AIDS doesn't require HIV.

Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP in Africa are those that use the most advanced diagnostic methods " Duesberg also claims that Kaposi's Sarcoma is " exclusively diagnosed in male homosexual risk groups using nitrite inhalants and other psychoactive drugs as aphrodisiacs ", but the cancer is fairly common among heterosexuals in some parts of Africa, and is found in heterosexuals in the United States as well.

Duesberg claims that the supposedly innocuous nature of all retroviruses is supported by what he considers to be their normal mode of proliferation: infection from mother to child in utero.

In 1993, Nature published an editorial arguing that Duesberg had forfeited his right of reply by engaging in disingenuous rhetorical techniques and ignoring any evidence that conflicted with his claims.

What Duesberg calls " the myth of an African AIDS epidemic ," among people " exists for several reasons, including:

One of the reasons for using more HIV tests despite their expense is that, rather than overestimating AIDS as Duesberg suggests, the Bangui definition alone excluded nearly half of African AIDS patients.

Duesberg writes, " retroviruses do not kill cells because they depend on viable cells for the replication of their RNA from viral DNA integrated into cellular DNA.

Duesberg rejects a role in cancer for numerous viruses, including leukemia viruses, Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, Hepatitis B, Feline Leukemia Virus, and Human T-lymphotropic virus.

The consensus in the scientific community is that the Duesberg hypothesis has been refuted by a large and growing mass of evidence showing that HIV causes AIDS, that the amount of virus in the blood correlates with disease progression, that a plausible mechanism for HIV's action has been proposed, and that anti-HIV medication decreases mortality and opportunistic infection in people with AIDS.

Mullis has drawn controversy for his association with prominent AIDS denialist Peter Duesberg, claiming that AIDS is an arbitrary diagnosis only used when HIV antibodies are found in a patient's blood.

Because reported AIDS cases in Africa and other parts of the developing world include a larger proportion of people who do not belong to Duesberg's preferred risk groups of drug addicts and male homosexuals, Duesberg writes on his website that " There are no risk groups in Africa, like drug addicts and homosexuals ," However, many studies have addressed the issue of risk groups in Africa and concluded that the risk of AIDS is not equally distributed.

The advisory board of Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives includes many prominent AIDS denialists, such as Harvey Bialy, Peter Duesberg, Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, and David Rasnick.

The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) is merely a harmless passenger virus.

The scientific consensus is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect, and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.

Duesberg argued in 1989 that a significant number of AIDS victims had died without proof of HIV infection.

According to Duesberg, common diseases are easily misdiagnosed as AIDS in Africa because " the diagnosis of African AIDS is arbitrary " and does not include HIV testing.

Peter Duesberg argues that retroviruses like HIV must be harmless to survive: they do not kill cells and they do not cause cancer, he maintains.

Duesberg does not suggest that HIV is an endogenous retrovirus, a virus integrated into the germ line and genetically heritable:

* the AIDS epidemic in Thailand cited by Duesberg as confirmation of his hypothesis is in fact evidence of the role of HIV in AIDS.

In 1987 Peter Duesberg questioned the link between HIV and AIDS in the journal Cancer Research.

There is broad scientific consensus that HIV is the cause of AIDS, but some individuals reject this consensus, including biologist Peter Duesberg, biochemist David Rasnick, journalist / activist Celia Farber, conservative writer Tom Bethell, and intelligent design advocate Phillip E. Johnson.

The discredited Duesberg hypothesis posits that HIV is a passenger virus in the etiology of AIDS.

However, following an interaction with prominent AIDS denialist Peter Duesberg in 1994, she began to question whether HIV causes AIDS.

Duesberg argues that there is a statistical correlation between trends in recreational drug use and trends in AIDS cases.

Moreover, in addition to recreational drugs, Duesberg argues that anti-HIV drugs such as zidovudine ( AZT ) can cause AIDS.

According to the Duesberg hypothesis, AIDS is not found in Africa.

Duesberg states that African AIDS cases are " a collection of long-established, indigenous diseases, such as chronic fevers, weight loss, alias “ slim disease ”, diarrhea and tuberculosis " that result from malnutrition and poor sanitation.

Duesberg notes that diseases associated with AIDS differ between African and Western populations, concluding that the causes of immunodeficiency must be different.

* The need, according to Duesberg, of the CDC, the WHO, and other health organizations to justify their existences, resulting in their " manufacturing contagious plagues out of noninfectious medical conditions.

On this key issue, Duesberg is, I believe, in error ," but " Duesberg has predicted, correctly, that the virus alone is not enough to explain all aspects of the immunodeficiency process.

The most prominent supporters of this hypothesis are Duesberg himself, biochemist and vitamin proponent David Rasnick, and journalist Celia Farber.

Duesberg has also argued that nitrite inhalants were the cause of the epidemic of Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) in gay men.

Duesberg also rejects the involvement of retroviruses and other viruses in cancer.

Astrometry has also been used to support claims of extrasolar planet detection by measuring the displacement the proposed planets cause in their parent star's apparent position on the sky, due to their mutual orbit around the center of mass of the system.

However, other geographers have had access to the same data since 2001, and a consensus has yet to emerge to support the claims of these Brazilian scientists.

Britain had been repeatedly stripped of troops to support usurpers ' claims to the Roman empire, and after 410 the Roman armies never returned.

According to these statements, claims that one or more denominations might be the " true Church " are nothing more than propaganda which has evolved over centuries to support authoritarian claims --- based on tradition or based on scripture --- of merely human institutions.

Although he eventually became a supporter of the claims of Lambert, he initially gave his support to Arnulf.

Since the 2002 civil war in Côte d ' Ivoire, relations between it and Burkina Faso have been filled with accusations of Burkinabé support for rebels on one side and claims of mistreatment of Burkinabé workers on the other .< ref > Blaise Campaoré :<< La crise ivoirienne inquiète le Burkina >>, Le Figaro, December 11, 2005 </ ref > Côte d ' Ivoire remains Burkina Faso's largest regional trading partner in spite of their disputes and tens of thousands of Burkinabés continue to work in the Ivory Coast.

There is no evidence to support claims that any of these creatures were mistreated, or that the motive for their study was anything more sinister than natural curiosity and a desire to draw from life.

Theorist Jane Jacobs claims that city-formation preceded the birth of agriculture though offers no support for this theory.

It presents case histories and a number of X-ray plates to support claims that Dianetics had cured " aberrations " including manic depression, asthma, arthritis, colitis and " overt homosexuality ," and that after Dianetic processing, test subjects experienced significantly increased scores on a standardized IQ test.

Deists did appeal to " the light of nature " to support the self-evident nature of their positive religious claims.

The reputation and history of Damascus steel have given rise to many legends, such as the ability to cut through a rifle barrel or to cut a hair falling across the blade, but no evidence exists to support such claims.

Nevertheless, the idea of domestic betrayal resonated among its audience, and its claims would provide some basis for public support for the emerging National Socialist Party, under an autocratic form of nationalism.

The army's support allowed Amanullah to suppress other claims and imprison those relatives who would not swear loyalty to him.

A popular expression claims that " all words ever spoken by human beings " could be stored in approximately 5 exabytes of data, ( although this project is now outdated and therefore not entirely accurate ) often citing a project at the UC Berkeley School of Information in support.

The chronicler Richerus claims that Eadgifu wrote letters both to Edmund and to Otto I in which she requested support for her son.

This embouchure method, advocated by a minority of brass pedagogues such as Jerome Callet, has not yet been sufficiently researched to support the claims that this system is the most effective approach for all brass performers.

The findings were convincing for many other scientists and philosophers regarding telepathy and the claims of Rhine, but were also prominently critiqued as fraudulent, until, following Soal's death in 1975, support for them was largely abandoned.

Environmental skepticism is an umbrella term that describes those that argue that particular claims put forward by environmentalists and environmental scientists who support the first are false or exaggerated, along with those who are critical of environmentalism in general.

However others, including Daphne du Maurier ( in her biography of Bacon ), have argued there is no substantive evidence to support claims of involvement with the Rosicrucians.

The American Cancer Society states " available scientific evidence does not support claims that faith healing can actually cure physical ailments.

However, on Thursday 29, Turkish daily Milliyet published an article referring to a secret report that seemed to support claims made in the interview by Mesut Yilmaz that secret agents had caused forest fires in Greece in the 1990s.

The law includes health-related provisions to take effect over the next four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 % of the federal poverty level ( FPL ), subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 % of the FPL ($ 88, 000 for family of 4 in 2010 ) so their maximum " out-of-pocket " payment for annual premiums will be from 2 % to 9. 5 % of income, providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting insurers from establishing annual coverage caps, and support for medical research.

In Paris, a group of wealthy mulattoes, led by Julien Raimond and Vincent Ogé, unsuccessfully petitioned the white planter delegates to support mulatto claims for full civil and political rights.