By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting from the end that is closest to the C =

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By focusing on a specific chakra ( while often holding the breath ) the subtle winds enter the central channel.

By giving each channel a different frequency " slot " on the cable the separate television signals do not interfere.

By 1994 the " 3174 Establishment Controller " supported features such as attachment to multiple hosts via token ring, ethernet, or X. 25 in addition to the standard channel attach or SDLC, and terminal attachment via twisted pair, token ring or ethernet in addition to co-ax.

The authors call this concept a ‘ conduit metaphor .’ By this they meant that a speaker can put ideas or objects into words or containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the container and makes meaning of it.

The first was on the right side with the channel number, call signs and city, then the second was the blue bar and the call letters only By the late 1990s, the call signs were minimized to be just barely readable to meet FCC requirements, and the stations were simply known as " UPN ", then channel number or city ( e. g., WPWR-TV in Chicago had been referred to as " UPN Chicago " and WWOR-TV in New York was referred to as " UPN 9 " until The CW merger was announced in late January 2006 ).

By applying a bias voltage to a " gate " terminal, the channel is " pinched ", so that the electric current is impeded or switched off completely.

By the year 2000, there were enough civilian and government organizations worldwide using ALE that it became a de facto HF interoperability standard for situations where a priori channel and address coordination is possible.

By this channel one can travel through a protected passage almost the entire route from Stavanger to North Cape, Norway.

By the end of the war, TVA had completed a 650-mile ( 1, 050-kilometer ) navigation channel the length of the Tennessee River and had become the nation's largest electricity supplier.

By channel:

By 1990, the channel was available in over 50 million households.

By 1992, Nielsen Media Research estimated that a third of The Disney Channel's subscriber base were adults without children in the home ; and by 1995, its subscriber base expanded to 15 million cable homes, eight million of which received the channel through a premium subscription.

By this point, the network was split into three programming blocks: Playhouse Disney, comprising shows aimed at preschoolers ; Vault Disney, featuring classic Disney material such as Zorro, The Mickey Mouse Club, the Walt Disney anthology television series, older television specials and features such as The Love Bug ; and the most distinct one, running from afternoon to late evening for teenagers, called Zoog Disney ( which was introduced in August 1998, shortly after the Toon Disney cable channel was launched ), that used anthropomorphic robot-like characters with human voices called " Zoogs " as its hosts.

By 2001, Disney Channel was available to approximately 70 million cable and satellite subscribers, largely consisting of those who already received the channel via a basic tier as well at the remnants of its pay subscriber base.

By this time, the music videos and concert specials that the channel ran since the 1997 rebrand were dropped, citing the inability to receive a stake in revenue from the artists ' CD sales and lack of exclusivity for the videos ; soon after, the channel began to incorporate music videos from songs featured in Disney's feature films and performed by artists on Radio Disney and signed by Disney's in-house record companies Hollywood Records and Walt Disney Records.

" By 2008, Condé Nast Portfolio was reported that the channel " been adding a million viewers a month — every month — for the last five years ", and also called it " the greatest teen-star incubator since the NBA stopped drafting high schoolers.

By means of the causeway the channel between island and mainland was formed into two harbours, of which the larger, or southern, was further enclosed by two strongly built moles that are still in good part entire.

By publishing newspapers and magazines concerning political issues, Chen provided a channel for the general public to express their ideas or discontent towards the existing government.

By 1870 the channel was wide and had a south pier of while the north one measured.

By 1915, an engineering staff was employed, and plans made for valley-long channel improvements, levees, and basins to temporarily retain excessive rains.

By 1854, the Texas Senate sanctioned a seven-mile ( 11 km ) channel from Corpus Christi to the Aransas Pass bar to better serve the Port of Corpus Christ.

By virtue of the large bandwidths inherent in UWB systems, large channel capacities could be achieved in principle ( given sufficient SNR ) without invoking higher-order modulations requiring a very high SNR.

By comparison, TDMA Cellular ( Digital AMPS ) is licensed in blocks of 30 kHz channels, but each emission occupies 40 kHz, and is capable of serving the same number of subscribers per channel as iDEN.