To him, law is the command of the sovereign ( the English monarch ) who personifies the power of the nation, while sovereignty is the power to make law -- i.e., to prevail over internal groups and to be free from the commands of other sovereigns in other nations.

An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court or court of appeals ( American English ) or appeal court ( British English ), is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.

In 1805, English instructor and natural philosopher John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers ( the law of multiple proportions ) and why certain gases dissolved better in water than others.

Jurisprudence is based on English common law.

In English law, s58 Children Act 2004, limits the availability of the lawful correction defense to common assault under s39 Criminal Justice Act 1988.

Some jurisdictions allow force to be used in defense of property, to prevent damage either in its own right, or under one or both of the preceding classes of defense in that a threat or attempt to damage property might be considered a crime ( in English law, under s5 Criminal Damage Act 1971 it may be argued that the defendant has a lawful excuse to damaging property during the defense and a defense under s3 Criminal Law Act 1967 ) subject to the need to deter vigilantes and excessive self-help.

English law provides for two offences of assault: common assault and battery.

About a fifth of the law code is taken up by Alfred's introduction, which includes translations into English of the Decalogue, a few chapters from the Book of Exodus, and the " Apostolic Letter " from Acts of the Apostles ( 15: 23 – 29 ).

Theodism is focused on the lore, beliefs and social structure-particularly the concept of thew ( Old English þeaw ) or " customary law "-of various specific Germanic tribes.

Administrative law, as laid down by the Supreme Court of India, has also recognized two more grounds of judicial review which were recognized but not applied by English Courts viz.

The powers to review administrative decisions are usually established by statute, but were originally developed from the royal prerogative writs of English law, such as the writ of mandamus and the writ of certiorari.

In many legal jurisdictions related to English common law, affray is a public order offence consisting of the fighting of two or more persons in a public place to the terror ( in ) of ordinary people ( the lieges ).

In the United States the English common law as to affray applies, subject to certain modifications by the statutes of particular states.

Abjuration of the realm was a type of abjuration in ancient English law.

In English law, black letter law is a term used to describe those areas of law characterized by technical rules, rather than those areas of law characterized by having a more conceptual basis.

Barbadian law is rooted historically on English common law, and the Constitution of Barbados implemented in 1966, is supreme law of the land.

The Statute of Bankrupts of 1542 was the first statute under English law dealing with bankruptcy or insolvency.

Under English law, successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that, unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles, the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them.

As it is, they consider that the North is now reaping the fruits of excess egalitarianism, that in spite of its high standard of living the `` American way '' has been proved inferior to the English and Scandinavian ways, although they disapprove of the socialistic features of the latter.

The term allegiance was traditionally often used by English legal commentators in a larger sense, divided by them into natural and local, the latter applying to the deference which even a foreigner must pay to the institutions of the country in which he happens to live.

Later in the reign the North Welsh followed their example, and the latter cooperated with the English in the campaign of 893 ( or 894 ).

* Ranald MacDonald, first man to teach the English language in Japan and one of the interpreters between the Tokugawa shogunate and Commodore Perry when the latter made his trips to Japan on behalf of the US government in the early 1850s

Although he uses the terms interchangeably, remarks that, for example, the final glides of English par and buy differ from French par (' through ') and baille (' tub ') in that, in the latter pair, the approximants appear in the syllable coda, whereas, in the former, they appear in the syllable nucleus.

He was present at the council of May 1008 at which Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, preached his Sermo Lupi ad Anglos ( The Sermon of the Wolf to the English ), castigating the English for their moral failings and blaming the latter for the tribulations afflicting the country.

In the comic book Asterix and Cleopatra, the author Goscinny inserted a pun about alexandrines: when the Druid Panoramix (" Getafix " in the English translation ) meets his Alexandrian ( Egyptian ) friend the latter exclaims Je suis, mon cher ami, || très heureux de te voir at which Panoramix observes C ' est un Alexandrin (" That's an alexandrine!

For example, the English words shirt and skirt are doublets ; the former derives from the Old English sċyrte, while the latter is loaned from Old Norse skyrta, both of which derive from the Proto-Germanic * skurtjōn -.

The most important English chronicles are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, started under the patronage of King Alfred in the 9th century and continued until the 12th century, and the Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland ( 1577 – 87 ) by Raphael Holinshed and other writers ; the latter documents were important sources of materials for Elizabethan drama.

English, for example, is related to both German and Russian, but is more closely related to the former than it is to the latter.

The latter was translated into English as Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee by Dutch sinologist Robert Van Gulik, who then used the style and characters to write an original Judge Dee series.

In English, the terms poniard and dirk are loaned during the late 16th to early 17th century, the latter in the spelling dork, durk ( presumably via Low German, Dutch or Scandinavian dolk, dolch, ultimately from a West Slavic tulich ), the modern spelling dirk dating to 18th-century Scots.

Enya has performed several songs relating to J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, including 1991's " Lothlórien " ( instrumental ), and 2001's " May It Be " ( sung in English and Quenya ), and " Aníron " ( in Sindarin )— the latter two, which she composed, appearing in Peter Jackson's movie The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and its soundtrack album.

Canadian rule books use the term goal area instead of end zone, but the latter term is the more common in colloquial Canadian English.

Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War, as well as the papacy, including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of the latter.

A commonly misunderstood false friend is between the words constipation in English, and constipação ( in Portuguese ) where the latter means a cold in Portuguese.

While the former means " handsome ", the latter gives an ironic sense of " clumsy ", akin to the English " That was clever!

In English, the letter represents either a voiced postalveolar affricate (" soft G "), as in giant, ginger, and geology ; a voiced velar plosive (" hard G "), as in goose, gargoyle, and game ; or, in the digraph ⟨ ng ⟩, either a velar nasal as in length or a blend of the latter with the hard G as in jungle ; or, in the digraph ⟨ dg ⟩ as in bridge.

The word is continued in German Deutsch ( meaning German ), English " Dutch ", Dutch Duits and Diets ( the latter referring to the historic name for Dutch or Middle Dutch, the former meaning German ), Italian tedesco ( meaning German ), Swedish / Danish / Norwegian tysk ( meaning German ) and Middle Low German dudesch meaning both Low German and the whole of Dutch / German / Low German, as well its descendant, modern Low German dütsch, meaning only Standard High German.

For example, two-tense languages such as English and Japanese express past and non-past, this latter covering both present and future in one verb form.

The first form can be seen in New Zealand English, and the latter in Indian English.

`` Dear girl '', Walter had finally said, `` he writes me that he is sleeping in the English Gardens ''.

There is a legend ( Hawthorne records it in his `` English Notebooks ''.

Its truth is illustrated by the skill, sensitivity, and general expertise of the English professor with whom one attends the theatre.

English philosopher Samuel Alexander's debt to Wordsworth and Meredith is a recent interesting example, as also A. N. Whitehead's understanding of the English romantics, chiefly Shelley and Wordsworth.

But as a stimulating, provocative interpretation of the broad sweep of English development it is incomparable.

Trevelyan is militantly sure of the superiority of English institutions and character over those of other peoples.

His nationalism was not a new characteristic, but its self-consciousness, even its self-satisfaction, is more obvious in a book that stretches over the long reach of English history.

Because of these involvements in the matter at stake, Boniface lacked the impartiality that is supposed to be an essential qualification for the position of arbiter, and in retrospect that would seem to be sufficient reason why the English embassies to the Curia proved so fruitless.

On the other hand, the consensus of opinion is that, used with caution and in conjunction with other types of evidence, the native sources still provide a valid rough outline for the English settlement of southern Britain.

As Sir Charles Oman once said, `` it is no longer fashionable to declare that we can say nothing certain about Old English origins ''.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

The entire exercise, Latin and English, is most suggestive of the kind of person Milton had become at Christ's during his undergraduate career ; ;

As it happens the English lady is a good Catholic herself, but of more liberal political persuasion.

The 350th anniversary of the King James Bible is being celebrated simultaneously with the publishing today of the New Testament, the first part of the New English Bible, undertaken as a new translation of the Scriptures into contemporary English.

The New English Bible ( the Old Testament and Apocrypha will be published at a future date ) has not been planned to rival or replace the King James Version, but, as its cover states, it is offered `` simply as the Bible to all those who will use it in reading, teaching, or worship ''.

One is impressed with the dignity, clarity and beauty of this new translation into contemporary English, and there is no doubt that the meaning of the Bible is more easily understandable to the general reader in contemporary language in the frequently archaic words and phrases of the King James.

Certainly, the meaning is clearer to one who is not familiar with Biblical teachings, in the New English Bible which reads: `` Then Jesus arrived at Jordan from Galilee, and he came to John to be baptized by him.