Shōen, from about the 8th to the late 15th century, describes any of the private, tax-free, often autonomous estates or manors whose rise undermined the political and economic power of the emperor and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans.

Nichinan began as part of the Fujiwara Shōen in the Heian period.

Shōen composed primarily of newly reclaimed land characterized shoki shōen, and accordingly shoki-shōen are sometimes called kondenchi-kei-shōen ( 墾田地系荘園, lit.

This ordinance is now called chōkyū-shōen-seiri-rei (" The Order for Disposal of Shōen in Chōkyū Era " in Japanese ).

He was in position to edict several laws and regulations ( most notably the Enkyū Shōen Regulation Decree ) during his rule, thus weakening the regency.

Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology ( such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords ) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life.

Shōen feudal estates were established across the three provinces, and the region became an important source of tax revenue, agricultural and other products to the capital in Kyoto.

* Shōen -- the form of Japanese fiefdom that developed after the Taika Reforms.

Shōen appeared in the eighth century and disappeared in the sixteenth century.

* Amino Yoshihiko et al., Shōen no seiritsu to ryōyū 荘園の成立と領有 Rise of Japanese Manors and their Territorial Rights, ( Kōza Nihon shōen shi 講座日本荘園史, 2 ), Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1991 ; ISBN 4-642-02692-4.

But during the second half of the century its fortunes reached a low point and when in 1897 Cyrus H. K. Curtis purchased it -- `` paper, type, and all '' -- for $1,000 it was a 16-page weekly filled with unsigned fiction and initialed miscellany, and with only some 2,000 subscribers.

Although a large number of coatings systems, particularly at low thicknesses fail cohesively by the cutting mechanism, frequently a second type of cohesive failure may also take place.

The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

Apollo 16 was slated to be the second of the " J-missions ," an Apollo mission type featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ), increased scientific capability, and lunar surface stays of three days.

By 1686 he had definitely established the " Italian overture " form ( second edition of Dal male il bene ), and had abandoned the ground bass and the binary form air in two stanzas in favour of the ternary form or da capo type of air.

In the second type, a researcher may conduct the gene test by comparing the sequence of DNA bases in a patient's gene to disease in healthy individuals or their progeny.

A second type of archaeal cell wall is found in Methanosarcina and Halococcus.

A set consists of circular linked lists where one record type, the set owner or parent, appears once in each circle, and a second record type, the subordinate or child, may appear multiple times in each circle.

This second type of Digi-Egg is called a in Japanese.

Many mathematicians reserve the term equation exclusively for the second type, to signify an equality which is not an identity.

When Republican Rome turned into a de facto monarchy in the second half of the 1st century BC, at first there was no name for the title of the new type of monarch.

The second and more conventional type is the boarding school story ; the plots of these have more emphasis on the day-to-day life at school.

Vegetables are a second type of plant matter that is commonly eaten as food.

It is in this book that a marinade is first seen in print, with one type for poultry and feathered game, while a second is for fish and shellfish.

The first type allows the solid particles, i. e. the residue, to be collected intact ; the second type does not permit this.

However, the second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped.

The second type is a large foot-pedal keyboard, placed on the stage floor ( Korg MPK-130, Roland PK-5 ).

A second strategy, cracking, involves spreading out voters of a particular type among many districts in order to deny them a sufficiently large voting bloc in any particular district.

In addition, the < operator returns its second argument if it succeeds, allowing things like < code > if a < b < c </ code >, a common type of comparison that in most languages must be written as a disjunction of two inequalities like < code > if a < b && b < c </ code >.

" The second type is the amoral self-serving rationality of Egoism, as most associated with Max Stirner.

This section deals with some popular theories of the second type.

The second type of knitting needles are straight, double-pointed knitting needles ( also called " DPNs ").

The second type has a row of scales beginning where the head meets the shoulder and running the entire length of the fish ( along both sides ).

There had been a good second or two during which my muffler had been blowing out, and now I was certain I'd seen her somewhere before.

Their skin was covered with a thin coating of sweat and dirt which had almost the consistency of a second skin.

As for progress, the `` backward South '' can boast of Baton Rouge, which increased its population between 1940 and 1950 by two hundred and sixty-two percent, to 126,000, the second largest growth of the period for all cities over 25,000.

Nothing testifies more clearly to that cleavage than the peculiar editorial page appearing in a July issue of Life Magazine, the issue which also carried the second announcement of the candidacy.

The second involves something deeper, but its characteristic form focuses on a shift in policy for the community, not in the truth on which the community rests.

There is a second feature of the influences of literature, good literature, on emotional life which may have some special value for our time.

Upon second thought we were forced to realize that we have very few reliable historical benchmarks against which we might compare the present situation, and that conclusions that present-day students are `` more '' or `` less '' religious could not be defended on the basis of our data.

And the second requirement for convincing people without their knowledge is artistic talent to prepare the words and pictures which persuade by using the principles which the scientists have discovered.

The House was his habitat and there he flourished, first as a young representative, then as a forceful committee chairman, and finally in the post for which he seemed intended from birth, Speaker of the House, and second most powerful man in Washington.

When he came to Baltimore, he was leaving a team which was supposed to win the National League pennant, and he was joining what seemed to be a second division American League club.

In the second and third chapters of Revelation the new version retains, however, the old phrase `` angel of the church '' which Biblical scholars have previously interpreted as meaning bishop.

The 15th Street deposit is not to be confused with the nearby famous Mayflower Hotel cypress swamp on 17th Street reported in The Washington Post, August 2, 1955, which was probably formed during the second interglacial period and is therefore much younger.

The second great dilemma has been the morality of nuclear testing, a dilemma which has suddenly become acute because of the present series of Soviet tests.

The video signal is amplified and then switched, in synchronism with the three ultraviolet light sources which are sequenced by the rotating mirror so that during one-twentieth of a second only one wavelength, corresponding to red, green, or blue, is seen.

Clearly, any line, l, of any bundle having one of these points of tangency, T, as vertex will be transformed into the entire pencil having the image of the second intersection of L and Q as vertex and lying in the plane determined by the image point and the generator of Af which is tangent to **zg at T.

the second requires that there be a line through P which meets **zg in Af points.

In the second, the fixed elements are the lines which join the vertex, P, to the two intersections of **zg and the plane of the pencil which do not lie on the multiple secant.

Continuing with the case in which **zg is a Af curve on a quadric Q, we first observe that the second regulus of Q consists precisely of the lines which join the two free intersections of **zg and the planes through any one of the multiple secants.

These differences in turn result from the fact that my Yokuts vocabularies were built up of terms selected mainly to insure unambiguity of English meaning between illiterate informants and myself, within a compact and uniform territorial area, but that Hoijer's vocabulary is based on Swadesh's second glottochronological list which aims at eliminating all items which might be culturally or geographically determined.

But in the second subtype, which I take to be the one more frequently applied, only the operating expenses and not the `` cost of capital '' or `` fair return '' are apportioned directly among the various classes of service.

The second productive period, the decade from 1910 to 1920, can be related to three events: the completion of The Dynasts in 1909, which left Hardy free of pressure for the first time in forty years ; ;