Shōen of the second type, which continued from the middle of Heian period to the Sengoku period, are called chūsei-shōen ( 中世荘園, lit.

Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology ( such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords ) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life.

Shōen appeared in the eighth century and disappeared in the sixteenth century.

Shōen feudal estates were established across the three provinces, and the region became an important source of tax revenue, agricultural and other products to the capital in Kyoto.

Record of temple lands in Echizen Province in 757 ( Important Cultural Properties of Japan | ICP ); as head of the national network of Provincial temple | Provincial Temples, Tōdai-ji's privileges included a large network of Shōen | tax-exempt estates

He was in position to edict several laws and regulations ( most notably the Enkyū Shōen Regulation Decree ) during his rule, thus weakening the regency.

Nichinan began as part of the Fujiwara Shōen in the Heian period.

* Shōen -- the form of Japanese fiefdom that developed after the Taika Reforms.

Shōen composed primarily of newly reclaimed land characterized shoki shōen, and accordingly shoki-shōen are sometimes called kondenchi-kei-shōen ( 墾田地系荘園, lit.

* Amino Yoshihiko et al., Shōen no seiritsu to ryōyū 荘園の成立と領有 Rise of Japanese Manors and their Territorial Rights, ( Kōza Nihon shōen shi 講座日本荘園史, 2 ), Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1991 ; ISBN 4-642-02692-4.

`` The town of Buckhorn's only about six miles from here.

The big fans were going, drawing from the large room the remnants of stale smoke which drifted about in pale strata underneath the ceiling.

They got tin cups of coffee from the big pot on the coosie's fire, rolled and lighted brown-paper cigarettes, lounged about.

An inquest was held, and after a good deal of testimony about the anonymous notes, the county coroner estimated that the shooting had been done from a distance of 300 yards.

They had never seen a tultul but they had heard about it from their fathers ''.

The two lawmen halted their wagon about twenty yards from the door.

I write about Northern liberals from considerable personal experience.

But apart from racial problems, the old unreconstructed South -- to use the moderate words favored by Mr. Thomas Griffith -- finds itself unsympathetic to most of what is different about the civilization of the North.

In point of fact, this is a beige box with a bright red door, about one and a half feet square and hung from the wall about six feet from the door to Wisman's right.

Something of this can be learned from `` The Way To The Churchyard '' ( 1901 ), an anecdote about an old failure whose fit of anger at a passing cyclist causes him to die of a stroke or seizure.

The liberal-conservative split, to define it further, derives from a basic difference concerning the existential status of standard sought and about the spiritual experience that leads to its identification.

If we remove ourselves for a moment from our time and our infatuation with mental disease, isn't there something absurd about a hero in a novel who is defeated by his infantile neurosis??

As a Humanist, Dr. Huxley interests himself in the possibilities of human development, and one thing we can say about this suggestion, which comes from a leading zoologist, is that, so far as he is concerned, the scientific outlook places no rigid limitation upon the idea of future human evolution.

He is a Craig's wife who agonizes about tobacco ash on the living room rug and he is a forgetful genius who goes boating with the town baker when dignitaries from the local university have come to call.

One thing you can say about Mr. Lyford is that he does not suffer from any insecurity as an American.

I fled, however, not from what might have been the natural fear of being unable to disguise from you that the things about my bridegroom -- in the sense you meant the word `` things '' -- which you had been galvanizing yourself to tell me as a painful part of your maternal duty were things which I had already insisted upon finding out for myself ( despite, I may now say, the unspeakable awkwardness of making the discovery on principle, yes, on principle, and in cold blood ) because I was resolved, as a modern woman, not to be a mollycoddle waiting for Life but to seize Life by the throat.

What I fled from was my fear of what, unwittingly, you might betray, without meaning to, about my father and yourself.

If art is to release us from these postulated things ( things we must think symbolically about ) and bring us back to the ineffable beauty and richness of the aesthetic component of reality in its immediacy, it must sever its connection with these common sense entities ''.

Questions came to me from all sides about my world citizenship activities.

This was taken after I came to live in Springfield, and it was made under the guidance of the Reverend Raymond Beardslee, a young preacher who came to the Congregational Church there at about the same time that I moved from New York.

His reading ranged from Agatha Christie to The Book Of Job and he had an insatiable interest in his fellow-creatures, while his letters were full of gossip about new politicians and old men of letters with whom he had been intimately thrown six decades before.

The cult centers of Apollo in Greece, Delphi and Delos, date from the 8th century BCE.

The word Angst has existed since the 8th century, from the Proto-Indo-European root * anghu -, " restraint " from which Old High German angust developed.

The Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the Phoenician alphabet and became distinctive from it by the 8th century BCE.

In general, the alphabets of the Mediterranean region ( Anatolia, Greece, Italy ) are classified as Phoenician-derived, adapted from around the 8th century BCE, while those of the East ( the Levant, Persia, Central Asia and India ) are considered Aramaic-derived, adapted from around the 6th century BCE from the Imperial Aramaic script of the Achaemenid Empire.

The Old Turkic script evident in epigraphy from the 8th century likely also has its origins in the Aramaic script.

,,,, or,, or sometimes simply ) were the outcome of the growth of the feudal system from the 8th century onwards.

In England the abuse was rife in the 8th century, as may be gathered from the acts of the council of Cloveshoe.

Due to the strategic location of the site it was fortified from very early. In the 8th and 7th century BC the site of Amphipolis was ruled by Illyrian tribes.

Relief from Assyrian capital of Dur Sharrukin, showing transport of Lebanese cedar ( 8th century BC )

The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to the newly founded city Baghdad.

The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian Creed date from the late 8th century.

Even a 20th-century Surrealist, such as Paul Éluard, used alexandrines on occasion, such as in these lines from L ' Égalité des sexes ( in Capitale de la douleur ) ( note the variation between caesuras after the 6th syllable, and after 4th and 8th ):

Little is known of the family with certainty ; the Chambers Biographical Dictionary records that they arrived in Spain in the 8th century but the name is familiar from the romance by Ginés Perez de Hita, Guerras civiles de Granada, which celebrates the feuds of the Abencerrages and the rival family of the Zegris, and the cruel treatment to which the former were subjected.

Founded by the Hassan-i Sabbah, the Assassins were active in the fortress of Alamut in Iran from the 8th to the 14th centuries, and also controlled the castle of Masyaf in Syria.

* Judgement against the nations and their leaders ( chapters 1-3, probably the only section containing original material from the 8th century prophet );

It is widely, though not universally, accepted by scholars that only chapters 1-3 contain material from the late 8th century prophet Micah.

Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.

The period of Angkor is the period from approximately the latter half of the 8th century AD to the first half of the 15th century.

From the 4th century, when the codex gained wide acceptance, to the Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th century, many works that were not converted from scroll to codex were lost to posterity.

The Chaldean king Merodach-Baladan allied with the Elamites during the 8th century BC in numerous failed attempts to wrest Babylon from the Assyrians.