In 1818, the name Baphomet appeared in the essay by the Viennese Orientalist Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall, Mysterium Baphometis revelatum, seu Fratres Militiæ Templi, qua Gnostici et quidem Ophiani, Apostasiæ, Idoloduliæ et Impuritatis convicti, per ipsa eorum Monumenta (" Discovery of the Mystery of Baphomet, by which the Knights Templars, like the Gnostics and Ophites, are convicted of Apostasy, of Idolatry and of moral Impurity, by their own Monuments "), which presented an elaborate pseudohistory constructed to discredit Templarist Masonry and, by extension, Freemasonry itself.

Russell Kirkland goes further to argue that these versions are based on Western Orientalist fantasies, and represent the colonial appropriation of Chinese culture.

French Orientalist painting was transformed by Napoleon's ultimately unsuccessful invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798-1801, which stimulated great public interest in Egyptology, and was also recorded in subsequent years by Napoleon's court painters, especially Baron Gros, although the Middle Eastern campaign was not one on which he accompanied the army.

Delacroix followed up with Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi ( 1827 ), commemorating a siege of the previous year, and the Death of Sardanapalus, inspired by Lord Byron, which although set in antiquity has been credited with beginning the mixture of sex, violence, lassitude and exoticism which runs through much French Orientalist painting.

Like many later Orientalist painters, he was frustrated by the difficulty of sketching subjects including women, and many of his scenes featured Jews or warriors on horses.

Other artists including the Pre-Raphaelite William Holman Hunt and David Roberts had similar motivations, giving an emphasis on realism in British Orientalist art from the start.

Some outstanding mathematical and Orientalist works emerged at this time – notably, texts edited by Edward Pococke, the Regius Professor of Hebrew – but no university press on Laud's model was possible before the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.

There are also recent signs of the reception of phenomenology ( and Heidegger's thought in particular ) within scholarly circles focused on studying the impetus of metaphysics in the history of ideas in Islam and Early Islamic philosophy ; perhaps under the indirect influence of the tradition of the French Orientalist and philosopher Henri Corbin.

He argued that their approach to the subject relied mainly on an Orientalist approach, and made Hinduism seem like " a private realm of the imagination and the religious which modern, Western man lacks but needs.

The French Orientalist Évariste Lévi-Provençal on the other hand advocated Ibn Hayyān as the supreme Muslim historian of the era ( and the battle ).

It is based on the rules of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( DMG ) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1936 in Rome.

According to Sunni tradition, ibn Hanbal was among the scholars to resist the Caliph's interference and the Mu ' tazila doctrine of a created Qur ' an — although some Orientalist sources raise a question on whether or not he remained steadfast

The New York Times repeated neighborhood rumors that the brothers lived in some sort of " Orientalist splendor " and were sitting on vast piles of cash, afraid to deposit it in a bank.

* In Pakistan, the Lahore chapter of the Goethe-Institut is named " Annemarie Schimmel Haus ", in honour of the well-known German Orientalist and scholar, who wrote extensively on Islam and Sufism ; the Annemarie-Schimmel-Haus shares its premises with the Alliance française Lahore ( AF ), and together they organise joint cultural events.

Annemarie Schimmel, SI, HI, ( in Erfurt, Germany – in Bonn, Germany ) was a well known and very influential German Orientalist and scholar, who wrote extensively on Islam and Sufism.

Before he left Paris to take up his duties he had several interviews with Julius Mohl, the eminent Orientalist, who pointed out to him that Mosul was the centre of a district of great historical and archaeological importance, and urged him to make good use of the splendid opportunity which he would enjoy for collecting antiquities, and even for making excavations on his own account.

The Orientalist Karl Sudhoff made his Berber-Islamic thesis when he discovered new and important documents touching on Constantine's life and religion in the village of Trinity Della Cave, northern Italy ; these documents were published in the journal Arkioun in 1922.

Phule, on the other hand, celebrated Bali as the king of the people, peasants or original inhabitants of India ( as opposed to Aryan Brahmins, who came to India from Iran, in accordance with the Orientalist theories prevalent in that period ).

Reiss, himself Jewish, was drawn to write The Orientalist, partially based on his own family's experiences in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s in Europe.

Amari was also an Orientalist ; he is famous for throwing light on the true character of the Sicilian Vespers ; and served as the Kingdom of Italy's first minister of public education.

His brief career encompassed works on a variety of subjects common in the art of the period, including the Romantic fascination with Orientalist themes, historicist genre painting, military painting of Spanish colonial expansion, as well as a prescient loosening of brush-stroke and color.

: Chapter 19: Orientalist notes on the Soviet-United Arab Republic Treaty of 27 May 1971

In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically " the Middle East ", was one of the many specialisms of 19th century Academic art.

In contrast to many of the past leaders of the British Empire in India, he saw himself as an Orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer, attempting to bring the English intellectual revolution to India.

Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme ( 1824 – 1904 ), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.

After a year at the art school of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, during which time he married Elizabeth Goodhue Millett, he traveled to Japan in 1878 at the invitation of American zoologist and Orientalist Edward S. Morse to teach political economy and philosophy at the Imperial University at Tokyo.

The longest single English translation was published in 1834 by Ritter Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, an Austrian Orientalist ; it may be found under the name " Evliya Efendi.

As an Orientalist who spoke fluent Arabic, Prufer was especially concerned with relations with the Arabs.

The French Orientalist Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy, who had been discussing this work with Åkerblad, received in 1801 from Jean-Antoine Chaptal, French minister of the interior, one of the early lithographic prints of the Rosetta Stone, and realised that the middle text was in this same script.

Simon Ockley ( 1678 – 9 August 1720 ) was a British Orientalist.

In 1909 he resigned from the Theosophical Society which was Orientalist.

Such disdain did not prevent the Société des Peintres Orientalistes (" Society of Orientalist Painters ") being founded in 1893, with Jean-Léon Gérôme as honorary president ; the word was less often used as a term for artists in 19th century England.

Said was mainly concerned with literature in the widest sense, especially French literature, and did not cover visual art and Orientalist painting, though others, notably Linda Nochlin, have tried to extend his analysis to art, " with uneven results ".

Russian Orientalist art was largely concerned with the areas of Central Asia that Russia was conquering during the century, and also in historical painting with the Mongols who had dominated Russia for much of the Middle Ages, who were rarely shown in a good light.

Richard Dadd ( 1 August 1817 – 7 January 1886 ) was an English painter of the Victorian era, noted for his depictions of fairies and other supernatural subjects, Orientalist scenes, and enigmatic genre scenes, rendered with obsessively minuscule detail.

This was in response to a paper read by Gustav Oppert, a German Orientalist, who traced the origin of the Shalagrama-Shila and the Shiva-Linga to phallicism.

Maj .- Gen. Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet GCB ( April 5, 1810 – March 5, 1895 ) was a British East India Company army officer, politician and Orientalist, sometimes described as the Father of Assyriology.

Owen Jones, architect and Orientalist was requested to set out key principles of design and these became not only the basis of the schools teaching but also the propositions which preface The Grammar of Ornament 1856, which is still regarded as the finest systematic study or practical sourcebook of historic world ornament.

A love of Oriental languages and literature led him to exchange the University of Breslau for that of Berlin, in order to study to greater advantage, and there he was received into the house of the Orientalist Heinrich Friedrich von Diez ( 1750 – 1817 ).

Edward Pococke ( baptised 8 November 1604 – 10 September 1691 ) was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar.

Sir Henry Yule ( 1 May 1820 – 30 December 1889 ) was a Scottish Orientalist.

The term was first attested to in English in 1786, in William Beckford's Orientalist novel Vathek, which describes the ghūl of Arabian folklore.

The last nail into the coffin of the idea of there being a Cathay as a country separate from China was, perhaps, driven in 1654, when the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius met with the China-based Jesuit Martino Martini, who was passing through Leyden.