Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare artillery depended upon mechanical energy to operate and this severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles while also requiring the construction of very large apparatus to store sufficient energy.

Until very recently the Italian police ( including the Carabinieri ) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction of Land Rover Defenders and Subarus into service.

Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans and escaped some of the losses due to introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and cholera, to which Native Americans had no immunity.

Until the introduction of the potato, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates.

Until the late 15th century introduction of the contratenor bassus, the tenor was usually the lowest voice, assuming the role of providing a harmonic foundation.

Until July 2010, the Neighbourhood Policing Team for Waterloo consisted of an Inspector, Sergeant, two Constables, Special Constables, and 13 PCSOs-this establishment was significantly increased by the introduction of the ' Neighbourhood Hub Team ' at Waterloo, involving police officers from London Underground.

Until the introduction of amber coloured Whitbread Gold Label in the 1950s, British barley wines were always dark in colour.

Until the introduction of the Countryside Bill in 1968, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales.

Until the mid-19th century most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents.

Until the 1910 introduction by Cadillac of the United States ' first closed-body car, the convertible was the primary body style.

Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level.

Until the introduction of the LC, every color Mac had supported, at a minimum, 640x480.

Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769, Ashton was considered " bare, wet, and almost worthless ".

Until the introduction of DMA, PIO was the only available method.

Until the introduction of the new Harmony of the Gospel Readings for Holy Week in 1969, English-speaking members of the Moravian Church used the name " Passion Week " for Holy Week, a week much more closely associated with the Passion of Christ.

Until the introduction of the BVW-200 camera though, the camera and recorder configuration was a docking system.

Until the introduction of SGI Octane, SGI Indigo² was SGI's most powerful desktop solution for 3D, visualization and high performance computing environments.

Until the introduction of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in bowls, the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.

Until the introduction of Gmax, and a similar ' game modeler ' version of Maya soon after, amateur modelers had extremely limited access to the tools needed to do so.

Until the introduction of standardised containers, the majority of the town ’ s inhabitants were employed in the docks.

Until the introduction of television into Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7. 00 pm-10. 00 pm-3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period.

Until the introduction of Chip and PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions used a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for verification.

Until the introduction of digital sound, it was fairly common for 35 mm films to be blown up to 70 mm often just to take advantage of the greater number of sound tracks and the fidelity of the audio.

The compositions " Gyroscope " and " You Could Feel the Sky " were used in the Norwegian Black Metal documentary Until The Light Takes Us.

Until the completion of the Two Micron All Sky Survey ( 2MASS ), POSS-II was the most extensive wide-field sky survey ever.

Until the middle of 2012, the morning hours on non-game days ( when the English and European afternoon is timed to in the United States ) and some odd afternoon half hours were slotted with paid programming time until additional loops of Fox Soccer News and Sky Sports News were placed in those slots.

The competition comprised Randy Newman's " If I Didn't Have You " from Monsters, Inc., Diane Warren's " There You'll Be " from Pearl Harbor, Sting's " Until " featured in Kate and Leopold, and Paul McCartney's " Vanilla Sky ".

Its competitors once again included " There You'll Be ", " Until ", and " Vanilla Sky ", along with David Baerwald's " Come What May " from Moulin Rouge!

* Earth Crisis, Hatebreed, Candiria, Diecast, Killswitch Engage, Most Precious Blood, NORA, Poison the Well, Shai Hulud, Another Victim, Skycamefalling, This Day Forward, Twelve Tribes, Walls of Jericho, Bloodjinn, Every Time I Die, Martyr AD, Santa Sangre, God Below, All Else Failed, Cataract, Ensign, From Autumn to Ashes, Bleeding Through, Lamb of God, Reach the Sky, Brother's Keeper, Until the End, Lariat, Curl up and Die, Thursday, Mastodon, Sworn Enemy, If Hope Dies, Blood Has Been Shed, Unearth, Wrong the Oppressor, Kalibas, Standfast, Eighteen Visions, Arkangel, Pig Destroyer, Rembering Never, Premonitions of War, Destro, Garrison, Maharahj, A Death For Every Sin, Creation Is Crucifixion, Cipher, In Dying Days

18 Visions, 7 Angels 7 Plagues, A Life Once Lost, All Else Failed, Arkangel, Arma Angelus, All That Remains, As Hope Dies, Asherah, American Nightmare, Atreyu, Avenged Sevenfold, Bleeding Through, Between the Buried and Me, Blood Brothers, Bloodjinn, Bloodlet, Brandtson, Breaking Pangea, Breathe In, Burnt By The Sun, The Cancer Conspiracy, Caliban, Candiria, Codeseven, Coheed and Cambria, Count the Stars, Commit Suicide, Cro-Mags, Curl up and Die, CKY, Dead to Fall, Dead Wrong, Death Threat, Diecast, Drowningman, Ed Gein, Eiffel, Ensign, Evergreen Terrace, Everytimeidie, Face the Fact ( Italy hardcore ), Fall Silent, From Autumn to Ashes, Found Dead Hanging, The Funeral, Glasseater, God Forbid, Hatebreed, Himsa, The Hope Conspiracy, The Hoods, Harakiri, Haste, Hopesfall, Hope and Suicide, Homesick for Space, If Hope Dies, In Pieces, Jesuseater, The June Spirit, Kalibas, Killswitch Engage, Knives Out, Lamb of God, Light Is the Language, Lickgoldensky, Long Since Forgotten, Love is Red, Martyr ad, Most Precious Blood, Moneen, Nemesis, Nora, Norma Jean, Not Waving But Drowning, xOne Fifthx, One Nation Under, On the Might of Princes, Open Hand, The Promise, Reach the Sky, The Rise, The Red Chord, Remembering Never, Ringworm, Saving Throw, Shai Hulud, Skycamefalling, Season of Fire, Static Lullaby, Stretch Arm Strong, Suicide Note, Sworn Enemy, Taken, Terror, This Afternoon, This Day Forward, Throwdown, Unearth, Undying, Until the End, The Wage of Sin, What Feeds the Fire, XdiscipleX a. d., Your Enemies Friends

* Snyder was heavily involved in Below the Root, a 1984 computer game that is set in the Green Sky universe after the events of Until the Celebration.

Until 1 February 2011, the system ran under unified Sky Box Office branding.

In addition, a 179-minute " European cut " was released on laserdisc ( letterboxed ) in Japan, accompanied by a 58-minute featurette shot in Tokyo entitled Dream Island by Sean Naughton, who had worked with Wenders on the HD sequences in Until the End of the World.

Until 17 October 2011, the Commercial Public Service Broadcasters had the opportunity to apply to Ofcom to provide an additional HD service from between 28 November 2011 and 1 April 2012.

Until December 1, 2008, MOJO HD was available on Bright House, Cablevision, Charter, Comcast, Cox, Mediacom, Midcontinent Communications, and Time Warner cable systems.

Until this point, it was rebroadcasting WIVB's high definition channel because UPN had little to no HD programming to broadcast.

Until 2006 Costa Rica maintained its embassy in Jerusalem.

Until the birth of Prince Hisahito, son of Prince Akishino, on September 6, 2006, there was a potential succession problem, since Prince Akishino was the only male child to be born into the imperial family since 1965.

Until April 2006, they also offered services named Home Highway and Business Highway, which were BRI ISDN-based services that offered integrated analogue connectivity as well as ISDN.

Until late 2006, they were also used in many of SGI's computer products.

Until 2006, the Lord Chancellor was the highest paid member of the government ahead of the Prime Minister.

Until the 2006 remasters, only the original 45 RPM singles (" Light My Fire " and " Break on Through ") were produced at the correct speed.

Until 2006, Peter Warren's Warren on the Weekend was heard Saturdays and Sundays.

Until 2006, Togo was very much a minor force in world football, but like fellow West African nations such as Senegal, Nigeria and Cameroon before them, the Togolese national team finally qualified for the World Cup.

Until September 2006 this was available only as an on-line column, but it is now included in the print edition.

Until the end of the 2006 season, teams could choose the manufacturer of the braking system.

Until recently the RSC also ran two smaller theatres, the Swan, which is modelled on an Elizabethan theatre ( closed in August 2007 as part of plans for refurbishment ) and The Other Place theatre, a Black box theatre which was extended to become the temporary RSC Courtyard Theatre, which opened in July 2006.

Until the Avalanche's 2006 – 2007 season, no team in the history of the NHL had ever made it to 95 points without earning a spot in the playoffs.

( Until this season, the Spurs and Indiana Pacers shared the NBA's longest active consecutive playoff appearance streak with nine in a row, though San Antonio has qualified for its 10th consecutive appearance during the 2006 – 07 season, while Indiana's playoff streak ended.

Until 2006 it was one of the Conservative party's safest seats, but the by-election of that year saw the party's electoral majority fall steeply from over 13, 000 ( in the 2005 election ) to just over 600 votes ( see below-" Election results ").

Until 2006 it housed a number of City offices, but was vacated that year due to safety concerns and condemned.

Until 2006, Hernando was the home of the Ted Williams Museum.

Until July 2006, Dunedin was the home of the main campus of Schiller International University.

Until April 2006, it was co-owned by J. R. Simplot.

Until May 19, 2006 Groenlo was the official name of Oost Gelre.

Until January 1, 2006, Amerongen was a separate municipality, which covered the village of Amerongen itself, Overberg, and the western part of the village of Elst.

Until 2006, there was a separate municipality Leersum, covering both the village of Leersum and Darthuizen.

Until 2006, Maarn was a separate municipality, covering both Maarn and Maarsbergen.

Until his selection in early 2006 to serve as borough administrator, Ron Dobies was the longest-tenured mayor in New Jersey with 26 years of service to Middlesex.

Until 2006, Jackson Township as governed under the Township form of government with a five-member Township Committee, whose members were elected directly by the voters in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one or two seats coming up for election each year.

Until 2006, the average international price of food had been largely stable for several decades.