Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until very recently the Italian police ( including the Carabinieri ) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction of Land Rover Defenders and Subarus into service.

Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans and escaped some of the losses due to introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and cholera, to which Native Americans had no immunity.

Until the introduction of the potato, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates.

Until the late 15th century introduction of the contratenor bassus, the tenor was usually the lowest voice, assuming the role of providing a harmonic foundation.

Until July 2010, the Neighbourhood Policing Team for Waterloo consisted of an Inspector, Sergeant, two Constables, Special Constables, and 13 PCSOs-this establishment was significantly increased by the introduction of the ' Neighbourhood Hub Team ' at Waterloo, involving police officers from London Underground.

Until the introduction of amber coloured Whitbread Gold Label in the 1950s, British barley wines were always dark in colour.

Until the introduction of the Countryside Bill in 1968, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales.

Until the mid-19th century most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents.

Until the 1910 introduction by Cadillac of the United States ' first closed-body car, the convertible was the primary body style.

Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level.

Until the introduction of the LC, every color Mac had supported, at a minimum, 640x480.

Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769, Ashton was considered " bare, wet, and almost worthless ".

Until the introduction of DMA, PIO was the only available method.

Until the introduction of the new Harmony of the Gospel Readings for Holy Week in 1969, English-speaking members of the Moravian Church used the name " Passion Week " for Holy Week, a week much more closely associated with the Passion of Christ.

Until the introduction of the BVW-200 camera though, the camera and recorder configuration was a docking system.

Until the introduction of SGI Octane, SGI Indigo² was SGI's most powerful desktop solution for 3D, visualization and high performance computing environments.

Until the introduction of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in bowls, the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.

Until the introduction of Gmax, and a similar ' game modeler ' version of Maya soon after, amateur modelers had extremely limited access to the tools needed to do so.

Until the introduction of standardised containers, the majority of the town ’ s inhabitants were employed in the docks.

Until the introduction of television into Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7. 00 pm-10. 00 pm-3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period.

Until the introduction of Chip and PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions used a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for verification.

Until the introduction of Sky HD in 2006, most Sky set-top boxes uses a standard 28. 8 kbit / s modem to pull content across the online link.

Until the introduction of digital sound, it was fairly common for 35 mm films to be blown up to 70 mm often just to take advantage of the greater number of sound tracks and the fidelity of the audio.

Until Moscow resumed nuclear testing last September 1, the US and UK had released more than twice as much radiation into the atmosphere as the Russians, and the fallout from the earlier blasts is still coming down.

Until I was transferred into the Seventh Ulanys I was like every other Pole in my feeling about Jews.

Until we translate this gospel into a language that enlightened men today can understand, we are depriving ourselves of the very resources on which the continued success of our witness most certainly depends.

Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until 2003 the Lower Houses were restricted to upper year students but with the double cohort of graduates from Ontario schools many of the rooms were transformed into doubles and now hold first years.

Until the birth of Prince Hisahito, son of Prince Akishino, on September 6, 2006, there was a potential succession problem, since Prince Akishino was the only male child to be born into the imperial family since 1965.

Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.

Until 2009, the state organization was divided into six provinces.

Until the election of his son George W. Bush to the presidency in 2000, Bush was commonly referred to simply as " George Bush "; since that time, the forms " George H. W. Bush ", " Bush 41 ", " Bush the Elder ", and " George Bush, Sr ." have come into common use as a way to distinguish the father from the son.

Until Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Cominform in 1948, Albania acted like a Yugoslav satellite and Tito aimed to use his choke hold on the Albanian party to incorporate the entire country into Yugoslavia.

Until 1991, President Mauno Koivisto and two of the three major parties, Center Party and the Social Democrats opposed the idea of European Union membership and preferred entering into the European Economic Area treaty.

Until the early 19th century Africans were captured, kidnapped, and forced into slavery to work on plantations when sugarcane became the most important export of the island.

Until the 1970s, more than 120, 000 people sometimes crammed into the venue – the record crowd standing at around 130, 000 for a Billy Graham evangelistic crusade in 1959, followed by 121, 696 for the 1970 VFL Grand Final.

Until entry into force in January 2002, DTRA support for the treaty involved participating in training and joint trial flights ( JTFs ).

Until about 1800, all London porter was matured in large vats, often holding several hundred barrels, for between six and eighteen months before being racked into smaller casks to be delivered to pubs.

Until 1911, Prime Ministers had to guide legislation through the Commons and the Lords and obtain a majority approval in both to translate it into law.

Until the early 17th century large outline images of the giants Gog and Magog ( or Goemagot and Corineus ) had for a long time been cut into the turf of the Hoe exposing the white limestone beneath.

Until that time, it was thought that these viruses carried certain genes called oncogenes which, when inserted into the host's genome, would cause cancer.

Until the Inclosure Acts, which came into force in England in the 18th century, there had been little need for horses to jump fences routinely, but with this act of Parliament came new challenges for those who followed fox hounds.

Until March 2012 ( when it was converted into a business airport ), it was the second airport in Romania in terms of air traffic and Bucharest's low-cost hub.

Until well into the 16th century, the area of the present-day Zwinger comples was still outside the city fortifications.

Until recently, articulatory synthesis models have not been incorporated into commercial speech synthesis systems.

Until the last century the city was distinguished into three different groups: the walled city where the castle stood, and that was identified with the ancient acropolis greek-Roman urban center, the Village or the Upper Town on the hill slope and the New Town, plain.