Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare artillery depended upon mechanical energy to operate and this severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles while also requiring the construction of very large apparatus to store sufficient energy.

Until very recently the Italian police ( including the Carabinieri ) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction of Land Rover Defenders and Subarus into service.

Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans and escaped some of the losses due to introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and cholera, to which Native Americans had no immunity.

Until the late 15th century introduction of the contratenor bassus, the tenor was usually the lowest voice, assuming the role of providing a harmonic foundation.

Until July 2010, the Neighbourhood Policing Team for Waterloo consisted of an Inspector, Sergeant, two Constables, Special Constables, and 13 PCSOs-this establishment was significantly increased by the introduction of the ' Neighbourhood Hub Team ' at Waterloo, involving police officers from London Underground.

Until the introduction of amber coloured Whitbread Gold Label in the 1950s, British barley wines were always dark in colour.

Until the introduction of the Countryside Bill in 1968, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales.

Until the mid-19th century most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents.

Until the 1910 introduction by Cadillac of the United States ' first closed-body car, the convertible was the primary body style.

Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level.

Until the introduction of the LC, every color Mac had supported, at a minimum, 640x480.

Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769, Ashton was considered " bare, wet, and almost worthless ".

Until the introduction of DMA, PIO was the only available method.

Until the introduction of the new Harmony of the Gospel Readings for Holy Week in 1969, English-speaking members of the Moravian Church used the name " Passion Week " for Holy Week, a week much more closely associated with the Passion of Christ.

Until the introduction of the BVW-200 camera though, the camera and recorder configuration was a docking system.

Until the introduction of SGI Octane, SGI Indigo² was SGI's most powerful desktop solution for 3D, visualization and high performance computing environments.

Until the introduction of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in bowls, the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.

Until the introduction of Gmax, and a similar ' game modeler ' version of Maya soon after, amateur modelers had extremely limited access to the tools needed to do so.

Until the introduction of standardised containers, the majority of the town ’ s inhabitants were employed in the docks.

Until the introduction of television into Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7. 00 pm-10. 00 pm-3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period.

Until the introduction of Chip and PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions used a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for verification.

Until the introduction of Sky HD in 2006, most Sky set-top boxes uses a standard 28. 8 kbit / s modem to pull content across the online link.

Until the introduction of digital sound, it was fairly common for 35 mm films to be blown up to 70 mm often just to take advantage of the greater number of sound tracks and the fidelity of the audio.

Until 1970, the island had about 96 hectares of fields yielding various grains and potato, and combine harvesters and tractors for field cultivation.

Until Christianity became dominant in the fourth century, Isis was one of the most popular deities in the whole region.

Until the cry " There is no God but God " resounds over the whole world, there will be struggle.

Until about the eighteenth century, the Kingdom of Castile, and not Spain as a whole, was the colonizing power and the language used was called Castilian.

Until 1820 he resided in Copenhagen, in almost unceasing literary feud with some one or other, abusing and being abused ; the most important feature of the whole being Baggesen's determination not to allow Oehlenschläger to be considered a greater poet than himself.

Until the whole island was subdued following the end of the Nine Years ' War in 1603 these states shared the island of Ireland with a patchwork of indigenous states that existed outside of their authority.

Until the mid-20th century, Arpitan was widely spoken in the whole region, while many of the inhabitants of the south spoke varieties of Occitan ; both are in steep decline in this region.

Until our arms have brought the opportune moment for the establishment of a permanent National Government, representative of the whole people of Ireland and elected by the suffrages of all her men and women, the Provisional Government, hereby constituted, will administer the civil and military affairs of the Republic in trust for the people.

Until 2008, players were given a task to do certain jumps, but from 2008, the winner is selected according to the artistic impression of a whole group.

Until 1969, the account read was always that of the Gospel of Matthew: the whole of chapters 26 and 27 () until 1954, but reduced in 1955 to and for priests celebrating a second or a third Mass on that day to alone.

Until about 1963 Dhankuta Bazaar ( the town ) was the administrative headquarters for the whole of north-eastern Nepal.

Until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Slovene Lands did not have a coat of arms representing the whole nation, instead it had a different coat of arms for every land.

Until the coming of tourism in the 19th century ( and the first tourists and developers came by sea ), the name used for the wider peninsula as a whole was usually Creuddyn ( the name of the medieval cwmwd in the area ) but Y Gogarth or Pen y Gogarth for the Orme itself, and the name Orme appears to have been used for the headland as seen from the sea.

* Until the 1960s secondary schools existed in the villages of Podselje, Podstražje and Marine Zemlje but these were eventually closed because of the lack of students due to drastic emigration that affected the island as a whole.

Until 1883 the Wakhan included the whole valley of the Panj River and the Pamir River, as well as the upper flow of the Panj River known as the Wakhan River.

Until the whole line was taken into use, there was a roundhouse in use a Bjorli.

Until 1917 the tram system was operated by several different companies, however, since that year the municipality took control over the whole network.

Until today in Polog trails of 16 such Early Christian basilicas have been revealed, of which 12 in Tetovo area and 4 in Gostivar area, and best has been investigated the one in Stenče dating from the 5th century AD, which is unique in Macedonia with 3 baptisteries, and the one in Tudence dating from the second half of 6th century AD, and being the only one the oldest three-conhal church in R. Macedonia and is rare even in whole southern Europe.

Until 1639, the Three Leagues had re-acquired their whole territory, buying back the parts occupied by Austria.

Until the early 1990s the whole radiated power in the AM range was 1000 kW ( 800 kW on 1593 kHz and 200 kW on 720 kHz ), but after 1995 the transmitter was restricted to 85 kW.

Until about the fifth century, it included singing a whole psalm.

Until 1918, the Irish Parliamentary Party who sought independent self-government for whole of Ireland through the principles of parliamentary constitutionalism, remained the dominant Irish party.

Until 1983, the whole of Oxford, including most of this seat, was part of the Oxford constituency.

Until the creation of the Supreme Court, ultimate appeal lay to the House of Lords, a chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( though in modern practice only the Law Lords sitting in the Appellate Committee, rather than the whole House, heard appeals ).

Until 1832 when the whole of the parish of Saint John the Baptist was encompassed, the boundary, as far as is known, excluded the villages of Longthorpe, Dogsthorpe and Newark with Eastfield.