Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare artillery depended upon mechanical energy to operate and this severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles while also requiring the construction of very large apparatus to store sufficient energy.

Until very recently the Italian police ( including the Carabinieri ) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction of Land Rover Defenders and Subarus into service.

Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans and escaped some of the losses due to introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and cholera, to which Native Americans had no immunity.

Until the introduction of the potato, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates.

Until the late 15th century introduction of the contratenor bassus, the tenor was usually the lowest voice, assuming the role of providing a harmonic foundation.

Until July 2010, the Neighbourhood Policing Team for Waterloo consisted of an Inspector, Sergeant, two Constables, Special Constables, and 13 PCSOs-this establishment was significantly increased by the introduction of the ' Neighbourhood Hub Team ' at Waterloo, involving police officers from London Underground.

Until the introduction of amber coloured Whitbread Gold Label in the 1950s, British barley wines were always dark in colour.

Until the introduction of the Countryside Bill in 1968, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales.

Until the mid-19th century most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents.

Until the 1910 introduction by Cadillac of the United States ' first closed-body car, the convertible was the primary body style.

Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level.

Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769, Ashton was considered " bare, wet, and almost worthless ".

Until the introduction of DMA, PIO was the only available method.

Until the introduction of the new Harmony of the Gospel Readings for Holy Week in 1969, English-speaking members of the Moravian Church used the name " Passion Week " for Holy Week, a week much more closely associated with the Passion of Christ.

Until the introduction of the BVW-200 camera though, the camera and recorder configuration was a docking system.

Until the introduction of SGI Octane, SGI Indigo² was SGI's most powerful desktop solution for 3D, visualization and high performance computing environments.

Until the introduction of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in bowls, the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.

Until the introduction of Gmax, and a similar ' game modeler ' version of Maya soon after, amateur modelers had extremely limited access to the tools needed to do so.

Until the introduction of standardised containers, the majority of the town ’ s inhabitants were employed in the docks.

Until the introduction of television into Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7. 00 pm-10. 00 pm-3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period.

Until the introduction of Chip and PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions used a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for verification.

Until the introduction of Sky HD in 2006, most Sky set-top boxes uses a standard 28. 8 kbit / s modem to pull content across the online link.

Until the introduction of digital sound, it was fairly common for 35 mm films to be blown up to 70 mm often just to take advantage of the greater number of sound tracks and the fidelity of the audio.

Until recently, the method only worked with CRT monitors ; some modern flat-panel monitors now support high-enough refresh rates to work with some LC shutter systems.

Until I was transferred into the Seventh Ulanys I was like every other Pole in my feeling about Jews.

Until the council of Trent every bishop had full power to regulate the Breviary of his own diocese ; and this was acted upon almost everywhere.

Until 2008 this medal had been awarded every 50 years by the Linnean Society of London.

Until the true-false distinction can be made, every object must be viewed as possibly true, a quasi-object.

Until the late 19th century, there was a praepostor for every division of the school.

Until the early 1990s, it was widely believed that general relativity hides every singularity behind an event horizon, making naked singularities impossible.

Until 1971 Austrian males were obligated to serve nine months in the armed forces, followed by four days of active service every two years for training and inspection.

Until 1995, the forecasts had been played at various times each hour, but are currently shown at times ending in " 8 ", hence the title of the local forecasts is " Local on the 8s " ( though local forecasts are reduced to once every half-hour when non-forecast programs are aired which is now a majority of the air day ).

Until the late 19th century the horse was scoured every seven years as part of a more general local fair held on the hill.

The current Edmonds Fountain is located in the center of the roundabout at the intersection of 5th Avenue and Main St. Until 1970, every holiday season the Edmonds municipal Christmas tree stood on this spot.

Until Ricky Gervais hosted the 67th annual Golden Globe Awards Ceremony in 2010, the award ceremony was one of two major Hollywood award ceremonies ( the other being the Screen Actors Guild Awards ) that did not have a regular host ; every year a different presenter introduced the ceremony at the beginning of the broadcast.

Until 1999, Metro ended service at midnight every night, and weekend service began at 8 AM.

Until after the Second World War, every regiment had at least two battalions.

Until 1968, every color television sold used the RCA shadow mask concept, in the spring of that year Sony introduced their first Trinitron sets.

Until January 2010 each of the station's continuity announcers was associated with themed blocks of programming and were promoted as personalities and presenters in their own right ; subsequently Radio 7 adopted a more traditional continuity format using one presenter to announce every programme throughout the day.

Until 1697 for every three Allied soldiers that were equipped with the new flintlocks, two soldiers were still handicapped by matchlocks: French second-line troops were issued matchlocks as late as 1703.

Until little more than a year ago its dark burrows harbored a colony of blind beggars, tenants of a blind landlord, old Daniel Murphy, whom every child in the ward knows, if he never heard of the President of the United States.

Until the masqueraders have completed their dances and every ritual has been performed, it is said that any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead ( Davis, 68 ).

Until 2004, OHIP also paid for an eye examination every two years and limited chiropractic and physical therapy / physiotherapy services.

Until then, despite every setback and disappointment and obstacle we had faced over the years, the belief still prevailed that the system would work, the system would listen, the system would respond.

Until 1969 headlines were sent to the studios every half hour by teleprinter from the GIS headquarters in Central District, while the three daily full bulletins were delivered by hand by a messenger who carried them across Central District.

Until 1676 little permanent building took place – visitors were obliged either to camp on the downs or to find lodgings at Southborough, – but at this time houses and shops were erected on the walks, and every " convenient situation near the springs " was built upon.

Until its election defeat in 2009, PNV dominated every administration of the Basque government.

Until the establishment of the Abel Prize, the Wolf Prize was probably the closest equivalent of a " Nobel Prize in Mathematics ", since the more prestigious Fields Medal was only awarded every four years to mathematicians under forty years old.