Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare artillery depended upon mechanical energy to operate and this severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles while also requiring the construction of very large apparatus to store sufficient energy.

Until very recently the Italian police ( including the Carabinieri ) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction of Land Rover Defenders and Subarus into service.

Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans and escaped some of the losses due to introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and cholera, to which Native Americans had no immunity.

Until the introduction of the potato, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates.

Until the late 15th century introduction of the contratenor bassus, the tenor was usually the lowest voice, assuming the role of providing a harmonic foundation.

Until July 2010, the Neighbourhood Policing Team for Waterloo consisted of an Inspector, Sergeant, two Constables, Special Constables, and 13 PCSOs-this establishment was significantly increased by the introduction of the ' Neighbourhood Hub Team ' at Waterloo, involving police officers from London Underground.

Until the introduction of amber coloured Whitbread Gold Label in the 1950s, British barley wines were always dark in colour.

Until the introduction of the Countryside Bill in 1968, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales.

Until the mid-19th century most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents.

Until the 1910 introduction by Cadillac of the United States ' first closed-body car, the convertible was the primary body style.

Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level.

Until the introduction of the LC, every color Mac had supported, at a minimum, 640x480.

Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769, Ashton was considered " bare, wet, and almost worthless ".

Until the introduction of DMA, PIO was the only available method.

Until the introduction of the new Harmony of the Gospel Readings for Holy Week in 1969, English-speaking members of the Moravian Church used the name " Passion Week " for Holy Week, a week much more closely associated with the Passion of Christ.

Until the introduction of SGI Octane, SGI Indigo² was SGI's most powerful desktop solution for 3D, visualization and high performance computing environments.

Until the introduction of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in bowls, the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.

Until the introduction of Gmax, and a similar ' game modeler ' version of Maya soon after, amateur modelers had extremely limited access to the tools needed to do so.

Until the introduction of standardised containers, the majority of the town ’ s inhabitants were employed in the docks.

Until the introduction of television into Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7. 00 pm-10. 00 pm-3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period.

Until the introduction of Chip and PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions used a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for verification.

Until the introduction of Sky HD in 2006, most Sky set-top boxes uses a standard 28. 8 kbit / s modem to pull content across the online link.

Until the introduction of digital sound, it was fairly common for 35 mm films to be blown up to 70 mm often just to take advantage of the greater number of sound tracks and the fidelity of the audio.

Until the early 1990s, most image acquisition in video microscopy applications was typically done with an analog video camera, often simply closed circuit TV cameras.

For " Until the End of the World ", Bono often played with a camera, kissing the lens and thrusting it into his crotch, a stark contrast from his more earnest stage behaviour of the past.

Until age 12 he knew nothing of professional artists, though art had surrounded him in childhood.

Until Daniel Schacter published Forgotten Ideas, Neglected Pioneers: Richard Semon and the Story of Memory in 2000, Semon's work had little influence, though it was quoted extensively in Erwin Schrödinger's prescient 1956 Tarner Lecture " Mind and Matter ".

Until 1957, he was the most prominent ally of Aneurin Bevan, who had taken Cripps's place as leader of the Labour left, though Foot and Bevan fell out after Bevan renounced unilateral nuclear disarmament at the 1957 Labour Party conference.

Until the Second World War, no more theoretical framework for social geography was developed, though, leading to a concentration on rather descriptive rural and regional geography.

Until 1912, USC students ( especially athletes ) were known as Fighting Methodists or Wesleyans, though neither name was approved by the university.

Until the decent society is achieved, we are meant to take as role-model ( though qualified by Shakespearean ironies ) Edgar, " the machiavel of goodness ," endurance, courage and " ripeness.

Until 2010, New York recognized divorces only upon fault-based criteria, though the parties might agree to enter into a separation and have the separation agreement or judgment be the further basis for a divorce after one year.

( Until this season, the Spurs and Indiana Pacers shared the NBA's longest active consecutive playoff appearance streak with nine in a row, though San Antonio has qualified for its 10th consecutive appearance during the 2006 – 07 season, while Indiana's playoff streak ended.

Until 1995, the forecasts had been played at various times each hour, but are currently shown at times ending in " 8 ", hence the title of the local forecasts is " Local on the 8s " ( though local forecasts are reduced to once every half-hour when non-forecast programs are aired which is now a majority of the air day ).

Until recently it was properly called the Llangollen Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal, though it is now known as the Llangollen Canal.

Until its acceptance by the National Trust, Belton House was always in the ownership of the family of its builder, though the failure of three generations to produce a son and heir caused the ownership to pass sideways and sometimes through the female line.

Until recently, the main industry of Eidsvoll was agriculture, though the soil is rich in clay.

Until the pope either formally revokes Christchurch's designation ( which, given its historic status and significance for Dubliners, is unlikely ), or grants cathedral status to another church ( which is much more likely ), the main Roman Catholic church in Dublin will continue to be the " pro-cathedral " ( meaning in effect acting cathedral ), a title officially given to St Mary's Church in 1886, though it used that title unofficially since the 1820s.

Until 2009, new episodes aired five nights a week, though currently the Friday episode is now essentially a rebroadcast of a recent episode.

Until then Militant was always able to count on the support of most of the broad coalition on the left of the party, though privately many left-wingers were very critical of Militant's tactics and politics .".

Until his time the steps either side of the isthmus were unsafe, though the plateau could be reached by those who grazed sheep there.

Until 2010, the designated hitter rule was applied based on the league in which the host team plays ; it was used for games played in American League ballparks in each such instance, both teams used a designated hitter while in National League ballparks, lineups have scheduled the pitcher to hit, though pinch hitters have almost always been used.

Until the age of 12, Byng was enrolled at Eton College, though he did not enter the sixth form.

Until the Normans invaded England, the manors surrounding Altrincham were owned by the Saxon thegn Alweard ; after the invasion they became the property of Hamon de Massey, though Altrincham is not mentioned in the Domesday Book.

Until then, wives of Shahs ( including Soraya ) bore the title Malake ( which is comparable with that of Queen Consort ), though in the popular press they frequently and incorrectly were called " Empress ".

Until 1946 two groups operated under the name Church of the United Brethren in Christ, though the minority was known as the Church of the United Brethren in Christ ( Old Constitution ).

Until the last days of the war, the mothers and the children at maternity homes got the best treatment available, including food, even though many others in the area were starving.

Until the reconquest of Seville by the Christians in 1248, a Mozarab community existed there, though in the course of the 12th century Almoravid persecution had forced many Mozarabs in Al-Andalus to flee northward.

Until the army's return from Mordor, the Steward Faramir, Denethor's son, retained nominal control of Minas Tirith, though during his incapacity the city was actually commanded by Prince Imrahil of Dol Amroth and ( when Imrahil departed with the army ) by Húrin the Tall, Warden of the Keys.

Until extremely close ridings were decided on the west coast, it appeared as though the Liberals ' seat total, if combined with that of the left-wing New Democratic Party ( NDP ), would be sufficient to hold a majority in the House of Commons.