Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare artillery depended upon mechanical energy to operate and this severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles while also requiring the construction of very large apparatus to store sufficient energy.

Until very recently the Italian police ( including the Carabinieri ) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction of Land Rover Defenders and Subarus into service.

Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans and escaped some of the losses due to introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and cholera, to which Native Americans had no immunity.

Until the introduction of the potato, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates.

Until the late 15th century introduction of the contratenor bassus, the tenor was usually the lowest voice, assuming the role of providing a harmonic foundation.

Until July 2010, the Neighbourhood Policing Team for Waterloo consisted of an Inspector, Sergeant, two Constables, Special Constables, and 13 PCSOs-this establishment was significantly increased by the introduction of the ' Neighbourhood Hub Team ' at Waterloo, involving police officers from London Underground.

Until the introduction of amber coloured Whitbread Gold Label in the 1950s, British barley wines were always dark in colour.

Until the introduction of the Countryside Bill in 1968, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales.

Until the mid-19th century most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents.

Until the 1910 introduction by Cadillac of the United States ' first closed-body car, the convertible was the primary body style.

Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level.

Until the introduction of the LC, every color Mac had supported, at a minimum, 640x480.

Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769, Ashton was considered " bare, wet, and almost worthless ".

Until the introduction of DMA, PIO was the only available method.

Until the introduction of the BVW-200 camera though, the camera and recorder configuration was a docking system.

Until the introduction of SGI Octane, SGI Indigo² was SGI's most powerful desktop solution for 3D, visualization and high performance computing environments.

Until the introduction of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in bowls, the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.

Until the introduction of Gmax, and a similar ' game modeler ' version of Maya soon after, amateur modelers had extremely limited access to the tools needed to do so.

Until the introduction of standardised containers, the majority of the town ’ s inhabitants were employed in the docks.

Until the introduction of television into Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7. 00 pm-10. 00 pm-3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period.

Until the introduction of Chip and PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions used a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for verification.

Until the introduction of Sky HD in 2006, most Sky set-top boxes uses a standard 28. 8 kbit / s modem to pull content across the online link.

Until the introduction of digital sound, it was fairly common for 35 mm films to be blown up to 70 mm often just to take advantage of the greater number of sound tracks and the fidelity of the audio.

Until the 1970s there was considerable debate within psychiatry on the most appropriate term to use to describe the new drugs.

Until 1997, when the British Library ( previously centred on the Round Reading Room ) moved to a new site, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building.

Until the new faculty member, Dr. Newsome, is assigned to teach at least one course, his details cannot be recorded.

Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.

Until then, previously issued FIPS place codes, renamed " Census Code ," will continue to be used, with the Census bureau assigning new codes as needed for their internal use during the transition.

Until recently, the Principality's banking laws permitted banks to issue numbered accounts, but new regulations require strict know-your-customer practices for all accounts.

Until a new stadium ( what would become the Kingdome ) was ready, the Pilots would play at Sick's Stadium, the home of the city's longtime PCL franchise, the Seattle Rainiers.

Until recently, the last woolly mammoths were generally assumed to have vanished from Europe and southern Siberia about 12, 000 years ago, but new findings show some were still present there about 10, 000 years ago.

Until 1751 in England and Wales ( and all British dominions ) the new year started on 25 March – Lady Day, one of the four quarter days ( the change to 1 January took place in 1600 in Scotland ).

Until a new bishop could be appointed, he bade the clergy of Riez obey the Bishop of Arles.

Until recently electrical energy has not been converted and stored on a major scale, however new efforts to that effect began in the 21st century.

Until a new key has been distributed, Carol is effectively " out of contact ".

Until the 1900s, new neighborhoods usually sought or accepted annexation to the central city to obtain city services.

Until recently, there were tax advantages to living trusts in South Africa, although most of these advantages have fallen away with new legislation.

Until the 19th century these silver dollar coins were actual Spanish dollars minted in the new world, mostly at Mexico City.

Until the Inclosure Acts, which came into force in England in the 18th century, there had been little need for horses to jump fences routinely, but with this act of Parliament came new challenges for those who followed fox hounds.

Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989, new suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov county.

Until recently prion diseases were only thought to be transmissible via direct contact with infected tissue, such as from eating infected tissue, transfusion or transplantation ; new research now suggests that prion diseases can be transmitted via aerosols, but that the general public is not at risk of airborne infection.

On July 7, Metropolis Records released a new compilation entitled Until The Shadows.

Until the new cuticle has hardened the animals are defenseless and almost immobilized.

Until then, Champagne houses produced different cuvées of varying quality, but a top-of-the-range wine produced to the highest standards ( and priced accordingly ) was a new idea.

Until SSE2, SSE integer instructions introduced with later SSE extensions could still operate on 64-bit MMX registers because the new XMM registers require operating system support.

Until the late 1950s, YMCAs in the United States were built with hotel-like rooms called residences or dormitories ; These rooms were built with the young men in mind coming from rural America and many foreign born young men arriving to the new cities.

Until the completion of the new development, the closest swimming pool is Tooting Lido.

Until 1889, the county of Surrey included the present-day London borough of Lambeth, when drawing up boundaries for the London Boroughs, the Government had initially suggested that Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth and the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark should be merged to form a new borough, with the southern and eastern section of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth ( including Clapham, Streatham and Tooting ) forming another.