Comics historian Les Daniels commented, " In retrospect the imperative seems less than inevitable, perhaps no more than trendy gender bending or possibly just a response to the homophobia inspired by Fredric Wertham more than thirty years earlier.

Comics, especially the crime / horror titles pioneered by EC Comics, were not lacking in gruesome images ; Wertham reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring morbid themes such as " injury to the eye " ( as depicted in Plastic Man creator Jack Cole's " Murder, Morphine and Me ", which he illustrated and probably wrote for publisher Magazine Village's True Crime Comics Vol.

Given the subsequent emergence of organized fandom for comic books among adults who grew up reading them during Comics ' Golden Age, it is ironic Wertham at one point in Seduction ( pp. 89 – 90 ) asserts " I have known many adults who have treasured throughout their lives some of the books they read as children.

Wertham described the Comics Code as inadequate, while most in the industry found it draconian.

* Comics Reporter: " Let's You and Him Fight " Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5-Bart Beaty and Craig Fischer discuss Beaty's " Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture "

Comics, especially the crime / horror titles pioneered by EC, were not lacking in gruesome images ; Wertham reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring morbid themes such as " injury to the eye ".

" The Study of Man: Paul, the Horror Comics, and Dr. Wertham "

The story was singled out by Robert Warshow in his 1954 essay " Paul, the Horror Comics, and Dr. Wertham ".

Homosexual interpretations have been part of the academic study of Batman since psychologist Fredric Wertham asserted in his Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 that " Batman stories are psychologically homosexual.

" Wertham wrote, " Only someone ignorant of the fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature ' Batman ' and his young friend ' Robin.

Wertham, author of the influential study Seduction of the Innocent, cited a particular panel of the story's dope-dealing narrator about to be stabbed in the eye with a hypodermic needle as an example of the " injury-to-the-eye " motif.

Psychologist Fredric Wertham decided that the phenomenon was a landmine of hidden and repressed Freudian issues, and that a sidekick's involvement in violent acts with his hero masked a sexual subtext.

Fredric Wertham ( March 20, 1895 – November 18, 1981 ) was a German-born American psychiatrist and crusading author who protested the purportedly harmful effects of violent imagery in mass media and comic books on the development of children.

Wertham was born on March 20, 1895 in Munich.

Seduction of the Innocent described overt or covert depictions of violence, sex, drug use, and other adult fare within " crime comics "— a term Wertham used to describe not only the popular gangster / murder-oriented titles of the time but also superhero and horror comics as well — and asserted, based largely on undocumented anecdotes, that reading this material encouraged similar behavior in children.

( Wertham's claim that Wonder Woman had a bondage subtext was somewhat better documented, as her creator William Moulton Marston had admitted as much ; however, Wertham also claimed that Wonder Woman's strength and independence made her a lesbian.

Wertham objected to not only the violence in the stories but also the fact that air rifles and knives were advertised alongside them.

According to Wertham, news vendors were told by the distributors that if they did not sell the objectionable comic books, they would not be allowed to sell any of the other publications being distributed.

In extensive testimony before the committee, Wertham restated arguments from his book and pointed to comics as a major cause of juvenile crime.

Beaty notes " Wertham repeated his call ... national legislation based on the public health ideal that would prohibit the circulation and display of comic books to children under the age of fifteen.

" The committee's questioning of their next witness, EC publisher William Gaines, focused on violent scenes of the type Wertham had decried.

Beaty reveals in 1959 Wertham tried to sell a follow-up to Seduction on the effects of television on Children, to be titled The War on Children.

This led to an invitation for Wertham to address the New York Comic Art Convention.

Still infamous to most comics fans of the time, Wertham encountered suspicion and heckling at the convention, and stopped writing about comics thereafter.

" The Strange Case of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 123 ( August 15, 1987 ); " The Return of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 124 ( Sept. 1, 1987 ); " From Dr. Wertham With Love " Amazing Heroes # 125 ( Sept. 15, 1987 ) part series, see below for link to condensed version posted online under title " Fredric Wertham-Anti-Comics Crusader Who Turned Advocate ".

In this way, he claimed that someone could be justified in believing something true but nevertheless not be considered to have knowledge of that thing.

This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states which nevertheless must be considered in political terms.

Denisoff argued that although " rhetorical " songs often are not overtly connected to building a larger movement, they should nevertheless be considered as " protest-propaganda ".

Certain internal organs, such as liver, and sometimes the skin, are highly toxic to most animals when eaten ; nevertheless, the meat of some species is considered a delicacy in Japan ( as 河豚, pronounced as fugu ), Korea ( as bok ), and China ( as 河豚 hétún ) when prepared by chefs who know which part is safe to eat and in what quantity.

Even though Heidegger is considered by many observers to be the most influential philosopher of the 20th century in continental philosophy, aspects of his work have been criticised by those who nevertheless acknowledge this influence, such as Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jacques Derrida.

The city is safe to travel by day and night ; nevertheless, precaution and common sense should be considered in certain districts at night.

and Cabaret, Mendes was nevertheless only given the job after twenty others were considered and several " A-list " directors turned down the opportunity.

He died young in July 1441, leaving behind many unfinished works to be completed by workshop journeymen ; works that are nevertheless today considered major examples of Early Netherlandish painting.

Haley's recording nevertheless became an anthem for rebellious Fifties youth and is widely considered to be the song that, more than any other, brought rock and roll into mainstream culture around the world.

Yet the Elf Círdan who met him on arrival nevertheless considered him " the greatest spirit and the wisest " and gave him the elven Ring of power called Narya, the Ring of Fire, containing a " red " stone for his aid and comfort.

Although it was not entirely reasonable that Canada should pay for any construction that the Canadian Government considered unnecessary or that did not conform to Canadian requirements, nevertheless considerations of self-respect and national sovereignty led the Canadian Government to suggest a new financial agreement.

Using an emperor's different titles or styles is nevertheless considered correct but not as common.

Though considered a failure by some scholars because the expenditures outweighed the results, it nevertheless had a substantial record of achievement.

Despite his personal anger over this outcome, which was considered a personal defeat by Luns, the foreign minister nevertheless worked to restore relations with Indonesia in the aftermath of the West New Guinea problem.

Initially, the city was considered to become the capital of the voivodeship created from the former German province east of the Oder-Neisse line, which nevertheless was assigned to Szczecin ( Szczecin voivodeship, 1945 – 1950 ).

However, despite becoming greatly outnumbered by Kinh ( Việt ) settlers and the integration of formerly Cham territory into the Vietnamese nation, the majority of Cham people nevertheless remained in Vietnam and they are now considered one of the key minorities in modern Vietnam.

It seems that some people have considered that the archaism of Zalmoxis's doctrine points out to an heritage from before the times of Indo-Europeans, which is nevertheless quite difficult, if not impossible, to demonstrate.

In 1554 the Hanseatic Diet confirmed, that free Ditmarsian peasants doing business cannot be considered equal to merchants being burghers of free or autonomous cities, but are, nevertheless, accepted as enjoying all Hanseatic advantages.

: 4. it " is the antonym of black English and is considered to be a language other than English " ( and thus a rejection of the notion of " African American Vernacular English " but nevertheless a term for what others term AAVE, viewed as an independent language and not a mere ethnolect ).

It was not recommended for use during the first trimester, although considered safe during the second and third trimesters ; nevertheless, in October 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) changed its recommendation and approved use of Mefloquine for both prophylaxis and treatment of malaria in all trimesters, after the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) changed its categorization from C to B. Mefloquine frequently produces side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and dizziness.

Some of the biographies of Ferdowsi are now considered apocryphal, nevertheless this shows the important impact he had in the Persian world.

Considering this, Sisko and Bashir deduce that Joran's joining was considered a failure and covered up to hide the fact that an obviously " unsuitable " subject was nevertheless capable of joining ( the official party line and the whole idea behind the Commission's existence was that only the few " best of the best " were capable ).

Despite great success and appreciation among artists, collectors, and the more generous critics, his many friends considered, nevertheless, that he was officially neglected, and in 1874, a short time before his death, they presented him with a gold medal.

Although they are not considered normative, Lorde argues that these experiences are nevertheless valid and feminist.

Relying upon the doctrines of Alfarabi and of Ibn Sina, Ibn Daud, whom Maimonides follows in many ways in his conception of prophecy, further sets forth that the gift of prophecy must not be considered as a phenomenon, interrupting the continuity of the development of the human mind, but in a certain sense as the final stage of a natural evolution whose lower phases, though they must be distinguished from prophecy proper, are nevertheless connected with the same faculty through a certain identity of nature.