By showing how simple unintelligent forces can ratchet up designs of extraordinary complexity without invoking outside design, Darwin showed that an intelligent designer was not the necessary conclusion to draw from complexity in nature.

By invoking a god or spirit by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit's power for some kind of miracle or magic ( see Luke 9: 49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out demons using the name of Jesus.

By virtue of the large bandwidths inherent in UWB systems, large channel capacities could be achieved in principle ( given sufficient SNR ) without invoking higher-order modulations requiring a very high SNR.

By this, he was invoking the terms of Baldwin IV's will, terms already broken by Guy and Sibylla: in the event of the death of his nephew Baldwin V it had been Baldwin's will that Baldwin V's " most rightful heirs " were to hold the regency until the succession could be settled by the King of England, the King of France, and the Holy Roman Emperor.

By invoking the variational method, one can derive a set of N-coupled equations for the N spin orbitals.

) By invoking the fallacy, the contested issue of " lying " is ignored.

By revealing she was using magic and not the powers of a god ( by casting a spell of his own ), Raistlin proved that she was a charlatan, destroying her cult and at the same time invoking the wrath of the townspeople against himself, coming dangerously close to being burned at the stake.

By invoking reductio ad Hitlerum, an opponent's view is ridiculed even though the comparison may be relevant.

By invoking the state secrets privilege in cases involving actions taken in the war on terror ( i. e. extraordinary rendition, allegations of torture, allegedly violating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ) Greenwald opines the administration tried to evade judicial review of these claims of exceptional war powers.

By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting from the end that is closest to the C =

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By this time Henri's entire chest-back-lat-shoulder area is pumped-up to almost bursting point, and Claude takes time to do a bit more pectoral-front deltoid shaping work.

By such touches the pattern takes shape.

By the time Ringworld takes place, Kzinti are able to deal with other races diplomatically, rather than by attacking and enslaving them.

The authors call this concept a ‘ conduit metaphor .’ By this they meant that a speaker can put ideas or objects into words or containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the container and makes meaning of it.

By emitting a high-frequency chirp from the transducer, and measuring the amount of time it takes to hear an echo from the sound waves bouncing off an object, one can calculate the distance to that object.

By the time the events in this episode takes place, he has been married to her for two years.

By the end of the series the administration, becoming desperate for Number Six's knowledge and fearful of his growing influence in the Village, takes drastic measures that threaten the lives of Number Six, Number Two, and the rest of the Village.

By taking the derivative of the optical path length, the stationary point is found giving the path taken by the light ( though it should be noted that the result does not show light taking the least time path, but rather one that is stationary with respect to small variations as there are cases where light actually takes the greatest time path, as in a spherical mirror ).

" had composed a brilliant new score ( his most subtle yet ) to a scintillating libretto .... Iolanthe is the work in which Sullivan's operetta style takes a definite step forward, and metamorphosis of musical themes is its characteristic new feature .... By recurrence and metamorphosis of themes Sullivan made the score more fluid ...." Much of Sullivan's " fairy " music pays deliberate homage to the incidental music written by Felix Mendelssohn for a production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

" By the way, action takes place on Yarth, a place somewhat similar to Oerth, the setting of Greyhawk, et al.

By an agreement signed between the city of Turku and the University of Turku, Turun normaalikoulu takes care of the teaching in the international school.

By instead comparing the radiated power in a given direction to the actual power that the antenna receives from the transmitter, the power gain takes into account that poorer efficiency, making it a more useful figure of merit for the ability of a transmitter in sending a radio wave toward a receiver.

On the other hand, if T is written as a unary number ( a string of n ones, where n = T ), then it only takes time n. By writing T in unary rather than binary, we have reduced the obvious sequential algorithm from exponential time to linear time.

By 1930, Tyrone Guthrie had written plays for the BBC like Matrimonial News ( which consists entirely of the thoughts of a shopgirl awaiting a blind date ) and The Flowers Are Not for You to Pick ( which takes place inside the mind of a drowning man ).

By far the shortest line on the London Underground, at, it takes only four minutes to travel from end to end.

By motorized vessel, the trip now takes only three days.

By doing this iSCSI takes a popular high-performance local storage bus and emulates it over wide-area networks, creating a storage area network ( SAN ).

By route of Limerick the trains run from Ennis to Dublin and it generally takes 3 hours to complete the journey.

By comparison, MP3 is a transform audio encoder with hybrid filter bank, which means that compression takes place in the frequency domain after a hybrid ( double ) transformation from the time domain.

By then, the weekly Ath market, which took place – and still takes place – on Thursdays, had started attracting sellers from a much larger region.

By comparison, the electromagnetic charge has a single aspect, which takes the values positive or negative.

Neuronal activity related to the act of seeing lasts for more than 100 ms. A fast reaction, such as swerving to avoid a car crash, takes around 200 ms. By about half-a-second, awareness and reflection of the incident sets in.

By decreasing the time it takes between the release and the catch, the percentage of time in the cycle when the boat is decelerating ( due to drag friction among other slowing forces ) is minimised ; therefore it is possible to perform a greater number of catches and pulls over a given race distance.

* Protectionism and the Destruction of Prosperity By Murray N. Rothbard-" As far as consumers are concerned, the more " dumping " that takes place, the better.