Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian Philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

Philosopher David L. Norton identified himself an " ethical individualist ," and, like Rand, saw a harmony between an individual's fidelity to his own self-actualization, or " personal destiny ," and the achievement of society's well being.

In the essay " Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher " Roderick Nash writes: " Thoreau left Concord in 1846 for the first of three trips to northern Maine.

Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher

Philosopher David Hume presented grounds to doubt deduction by questioning induction.

* David Nieto Sephardic Rabbi and Philosopher

Known by many as " The Occasional Philosopher ," a term coined by David Hume.

Philosopher David Schmidtz draws on this distinction in his book " Elements of Justice ", apparently deriving it from Wittgenstein's private language argument.

Philosopher David Buller agrees with the general argument that the human mind has evolved over time but disagree with the specific claims evolutionary psychologists make.

* David Blitz – Philosopher

* Philosopher David Benatar, noted antinatalist and professor in the Department of Philosophy

Philosopher David Ingram argues that " affirming ' black pride ' is not equivalent to affirming ' white pride ,' since the former — unlike the latter — is a defensive strategy aimed at rectifying a negative stereotype ".

Philosopher and ecologist David Abram articulates and elaborates a form of hylozoism grounded in the phenomenology of sensory experience.

* Dante the Philosopher, translated by David Moore ( London: Sheed and Ward, 1952 )

* Mayer, David R. “ Akegarasu and Emerson: Kindred Spirits of Toshio Mori ’ s “ The Seventh Street Philosopher .” Amerasia Journal, 1990 ; 16. 2: 1-10.

*" A Philosopher Gone Wild ," in David D. Karnos and Robert G. Shoemaker, eds., Falling in Love with Wisdom: American Philosophers Talk About Their Calling ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ).

Philosopher and psychologist Carl Stumpf formed a panel of 13 people, known as the Hans Commission.

* Jonathan Chaplin, Herman Dooyeweerd: Christian Philosopher of State and Civil Society ( Notre Dame, 2011 ).

Philosopher Jonathan Glover says that beliefs are always a part of a belief system, and that belief systems are difficult to completely revise.

Philosopher Jonathan Glover warns that belief systems are like whole boats in the water ; it is extremely difficult to alter them all at once ( e. g. it may be too stressful, or people may maintain their biases without realizing it )

Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise entitled That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

Thus the triad announced both in the Sophist and in the Statesman is completed, though the Philosopher, being divided dialectically into a " Stranger " portion and a " Socrates " portion, isn't called " The Philosopher "— this philosophical crux is left to the reader to determine.

Philosopher of science Eric Scerri criticizes both Capra and Zukav and similar books, E. R.

Philosopher John Deely has argued for the contentious claim that the label " postmodern " for thinkers such as Derrida et al.

Philosopher Anthony Kenny distinguishes between agnostics, who find the claim " God exists " uncertain, and theological noncognitivists, who consider all discussion of God to be meaningless.

The claim that follows is that the Philosopher burned his book in light of the belief that no one besides a member of the Ahlul Bayt could say something like this and that he must truly be the eleventh Imam from this lineage.

Philosopher Max Stirner, in his book The Ego and Its Own, was the first philosopher to call himself an egoist, though his writing makes clear that he desired not a new idea of morality ( ethical egoism ), but rather a rejection of morality ( amoralism ), as a nonexistent and limiting “ spook ”; for this, Stirner has been described as the first individualist anarchist.

Aristotle is referred to as " The Philosopher " by Scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas.

Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant's argument: that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible.

Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that concepts are " mere abstractions from what is known through intuitive perception, and they have arisen from our arbitrarily thinking away or dropping of some qualities and our retention of others.

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that egoistic or " life-affirming " behavior stimulates jealousy or " ressentiment " in others, and that this is the psychological motive for the altruism in Christianity.

Galen was concerned to combine philosophical thought with medical practice, as in his brief work That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

Philosopher Albert Meltzer proposed that individualist anarchism differs radically from revolutionary anarchism, and that it " is sometimes too readily conceded ' that this is, after all, anarchism '.

Philosopher George Bernard Shaw initially had flirtations with individualist anarchism before coming to the conclusion that it was " the negation of socialism, and is, in fact, unsocialism carried as near to its logical conclusion as any sane man dare carry it.

Philosopher s of law ask " what is law?

Also of note is the work of the contemporary Philosopher of Law Ronald Dworkin who has advocated a constructivist theory of jurisprudence that can be characterized as a middle path between natural law theories and positivist theories of general jurisprudence.

Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is " to be delighted by the happiness of another.

Philosopher Mary Midgley, among others, argues that materialism is a self-refuting idea, at least in its eliminative form.

Philosopher Robert Nozick argues that Rand's foundational argument in ethics is unsound because she does not explain why someone could not rationally prefer dying and having no values.

Philosopher Kim Sterelny adds, " In claiming that species typically undergo no further evolutionary change once speciation is complete, they are not claiming that there is no change at all between one generation and the next.

Philosopher Igor Primoratz provides four reasons why he believes that state terrorism is typically morally worse than non-state terrorism.

Philosopher Stephen Maitzen has called this the " Heaven Swamps Everything " theodicy, and argues that it is false because it conflates compensation and justification.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

* 427 BC: Philosopher Plato is born

* Philosopher Tommaso Campanella organizes an uprising in Calabria against the rule of the Spanish viceroy ; he is captured, tortured and sentenced to 27 years in jail.