Electrons at these states can be easily excited to the conduction band, becoming free electrons, at room temperature.

Electrons occupying a HOMO of a sigma bond can get excited to the LUMO of that bond.

Electrons within the conduction band are mobile charge carriers in solids, responsible for conduction of electric currents in metals and other good electrical conductors.

Electrons in the conduction band may move freely throughout the material in the presence of an electrical field.

Electrons can gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon ( heat ) or a photon ( light ).

Electrons in the conduction band can respond to the electric field in the detector, and therefore move to the positive contact that is creating the electrical field.

Electrons can take on any energy within an unfilled band.

Electrons are able to jump from one band to another.

Electrons can transfer from one band to the other by means of carrier generation and recombination processes.

Electrons are delocalized along the conjugated backbones of conducting polymers, usually through overlap of π-orbitals, resulting in an extended π-system with a filled valence band.

* Electrons are also transferred to the electron acceptor Q, forming QH < sub > 2 </ sub >.

Electrons can also be emitted from the electrodes of certain metals when light of frequency greater than the threshold frequency falls on it.

Electrons can also be completely removed from a chemical species such as an atom, molecule, or ion.

Electrons also conduct electric current through conductive solids, and the thermal and electrical conductivities of most metals have about the same ratio.

For instance, " Electrons attract protons " and " Electrons have negative charge " employ the terms " protons " and " negative charge " ( with the latter also implicitly using the concept of " charge ").

Electrons and many elementary particles also have intrinsic magnetic moments, an explanation of which requires a quantum mechanical treatment and relates to the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles as discussed in the article electron magnetic dipole moment.

Electrons also have a long ballistic length at this temperature ; their mean free path can be several micrometres.

Electrons are extracted from metal electrodes either by heating the electrode, causing thermionic emission, or by applying a strong electric field and causing field electron emission.

Electrons ejected from a solid will generally undergo multiple scattering events and lose energy in the form of collective electron density oscillations called plasmons.

Electrons are usually generated in an electron microscope by a process known as thermionic emission from a filament, usually tungsten, in the same manner as a light bulb, or alternatively by field electron emission.

Electrons are not always shared equally between two bonding atoms ; one atom might exert more of a force on the electron cloud than the other.

Electrons, within an electron shell around an atom, tend to distribute themselves as far apart from each other, within the given shell, as they can ( due to each one being negatively charged ).

Electrons then move spontaneously from donor to acceptor through an electron transport chain.

Electrons do not penetrate as deeply into matter as X-rays, hence electron diffraction reveals structure near the surface ; neutrons do penetrate easily and have an advantage that they possess an intrinsic magnetic moment that causes them to interact differently with atoms having different alignments of their magnetic moments.

They ’ ll carry it with them in their future life …. And this future life in the body of eons will be very long, almost as long as the Universe itself .” Suggests Charon, “ the electrons which form my body are not only carriers of what I call ‘ my ’ spirit, but, in fact constitute my spirit itself .” Electrons are sent individually into the Universe to learn and to increase the order of the Universe ; “ the psychic level of the whole Universe progressively elevates itself … during the ‘ successively lived experiences ’ of elemental matter .” The goal of each electron is to increase its energy to the highest level of sustainable excitement ; that is, to contain the most information within the largest stable system of organization possible.

Electrons move according to the cross product of the magnetic field and the electron propagation vector, such that, in an infinite uniform field moving electrons take a circular motion at a constant radius dependent upon electron velocity and field strength according to the following equation, which can be derived from circular motion:

Electrons flow much slower than the speed of light, and the slow wave structure reduces the velocity of the input RF enough to match the electron velocity.

Electrons and holes are injected into the organic layer at the electrodes and form excitons, a bound state of the electron and hole.

Electrons which diffuse from the cathode into the P-doped layer, or anode, become what is termed " minority carriers " and tend to recombine there with the majority carriers, which are holes, on a timescale characteristic of the material which is the p-type minority carrier lifetime.

Electrons in the emitters, or the " holes " in the collectors, would cluster at the surface of the crystal where they could find their opposite charge " floating around " in the air ( or water ).

Electrons and holes are the charge carriers in semiconductors.

Electrons ( negative charges ) and holes ( positive charges ) both contribute to the induced thermoelectric voltage thus canceling each other's contribution to that voltage and making it small.

Electrons and holes diffuse into regions with lower concentrations of electrons and holes, much as ink diffuses into water until it is uniformly distributed.

Electrons have higher diffusion constant than holes leading to fewer excess electrons at the center as compared to holes.

Electrons and holes are both fermions with half integer spin.

Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state, so electrons have to " stack " within an atom, i. e. have different spins while at the same place.

# Electrons travel ballistically between electrodes ( i. e., no scattering ).

Electrons that are bound to atoms possess a set of stable energy levels, or orbitals, and can undergo transitions between them by absorbing or emitting photons that match the energy differences between the levels.

Electrons form notional shells around the nucleus.

Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a bound state.

# Electrons jump between orbitals in a particle-like fashion.

These he interpreted as " negative-energy electrons " and attempted to identify them with protons in his 1930 paper A Theory of Electrons and Protons However, these " negative-energy electrons " turned out to be positrons, and not protons.

Electrons in an s orbital benefit from closer proximity to the positively charged atom nucleus, and are therefore lower in energy.

Electrons ( the other major component of the atom ) are leptons.

Electrons are the charge carriers in metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field.

Electrons were first discovered as the constituents of cathode rays.

Electrons are responsible for emission of most EMR because they have low mass, and therefore are easily accelerated by a variety of mechanisms.

Electrons are at the heart of cathode ray tubes, which have been used extensively as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets.

Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.

: Electrons are transferred from iron reducing oxygen in the atmosphere into water on the cathode, which is placed in another region of the metal.

Electrons flow in the external circuit.

Electrons flow from the source terminal towards the drain terminal if influenced by an applied voltage.

Electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity.

Electrons in this state are 45 % likely to be found within the solid body shown.

His most noted publication was the famous 1919 article " The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules " in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his " concentric theory of atomic structure ".

Electrons are particulate radiation and, hence, have cross section many times larger than photons, so that they do not penetrate the product beyond a few inches, depending on product density.

Electrons that belong to different molecules start " fleeing " and avoiding each other at the short intermolecular distances, which is frequently described as formation of " instantaneous dipoles " that attract each other.

Electrons and how they interact with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics.

Electrons emitted from the filament move several times in back and forth movements around the grid before finally entering the grid.