Philosophers tend to motivate various conceptual analyses by appeal to their intuitions about thought experiments.

This idealist understanding of philosophy as interpretation was famously challenged by Karl Marx's 11th thesis on Feuerbach ( 1845 ): " Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways ; the point, however, is to change it.

The " Theses " identify political action as the only truth of philosophy, famously concluding: " Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways ; the point is to change it " (" Die Philosophen haben die Welt nur verschieden interpretiert ; es kommt aber darauf an, sie zu verändern ").

His major achievement consisted of various literary historian biographies, which have been printed in Stuttgart and Heidelberg in five volumes: German Philosophers ( incl.

According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “ diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred ” ( Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 1. 55: Solon ; Greek ).

Philosophers are not interested in the " Ship of Theseus " problem per se, but to a more basic problem which is this: How does one decide that X is the same as Y, where X describes something at one time, and Y describes another thing at a later time?

Philosophers of science began to pay increasing attention to developments in biology, from the rise of the Modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

Philosophers are less concerned with establishing fixed, controlled vocabularies than are researchers in computer science, while computer scientists are less involved in discussions of first principles, such as debating whether there are such things as fixed essences or whether entities must be ontologically more primary than processes.

Philosophers try to build knowledge on more than an inference or analogy.

Most of the biographical information we have of Theophrastus was provided by Diogenes Laërtius ' Lives of the Philosophers, written more than four hundred years after Theophrastus ' time.

Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.

-Peter H. Welch proposed the Starving Philosophers variant that demonstrates an unfortunate consequence of the behaviour of Java thread monitors is to make thread starvation more likely than strictly necessary.

Philosophers whose inspiration is more ontological, e. g. Heidegger, emphasize the uncovering of Being from the perspective of the experiencing human being, and how the world is revealed to this experiencing entity within a realm of things.

Philosophers and theologians more commonly use phrases like " perfectly good ", or simply the term " benevolence ".

There is also the lumpers / splitters problem, namely that some works split philosophy into more periods than others: one author might feel a strong need to differentiate between " The Age of Reason " or " Early Modern Philosophers " and " The Enlightenment "; another author might write from the perspective that 1600-1800 is essentially one continuous evolution, and therefore a single period.

His more important works include Critical Philosophy of Kant ( 1877 ), Hegel ( 1883 ), Evolution of Religion, Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte ( 1885 ), and Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers ( 1904 ).

Professional Philosophers therefore must either provide more detail regarding their views or accept that their views are simply ethnocentric.

Philosophers of science then began paying increasing attention to biology, from the rise of Neodarwinism in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

Philosophers and physicians more and more began to reject swaddling in the 18th century.

Another piece of Arabic Alexander literature is the Laments ( or Sayings ) of the Philosophers.

The " love of God " and " fear of God " receive different interpretations across the historic texts of Judaism, from their different appellations in the Song of Songs, through the Talmud, Medieval Jewish Philosophers, Musar literature and the Kabbalah.

Philosophers study, rather than use, the concepts that structure our thinking.

Philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion.

Philosophers were less concerned with such mathematical calculations than with the nature of the celestial spheres, their relation to revealed accounts of created nature, and the causes of their motion.

Philosophers and Historians tend to try to prove Christianity rather than teach belief in Christ through faith.

Philosophers and non-philosophers differ in their intuitions about what consciousness is.

Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies.

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

Philosophers such as Pierre Duhem and Gaston Bachelard also wrote their works with this world-historical approach to science.

A number of young Maoists abandoned their beliefs to become the so-called New Philosophers, often citing Foucault as their major influence, a status Foucault had mixed feelings about.

( Philosophers might also supplement their thought experiments with theoretical reasoning designed to support the desired intuitive response.

Philosophers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.

( 1 ) Various Countries of the World bringing in their Offerings to the Exhibition of 1851 ; ( 2 ) Music ; ( 3 ) Sculpture ; ( 4 ) Painting ; ( 5 ) Princes, Art Patrons and Artists ; ( 6 ) Workers in Stone ; ( 7 ) Workers in Wood and Brick ; ( 8 ) Architecture ; ( 9 ) The Infancy of the Arts and Sciences ; ( 10 ) Agriculture ; ( 11 ) Horticulture and Land Surveying ; ( 12 ) Astronomy and Navigation ; ( 13 ) A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students ; ( 14 ) Engineering ; ( 15 ) The Mechanical Powers ; and ( 16 ) Pottery and Glassmaking.

Philosophers can eat if neither of their neighbors are eating.

* Philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Rée and their mutual friend Lou Andreas-Salomé lived in an " academic commune " around 1882.

Philosophers who worry about ceteris paribus analyses do not worry about this sort ; their worries are focused on ceteris paribus clauses that are not even eliminable in principle.

On 16 December, the appearance of an illuminating sun disc on the wording of the Cenotaph stone, transform their meaning as per the Philosophers Stone of the alchemists.

Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle also act as doxographers, as their comments on the ideas of their predecessors indirectly tell us what their predecessors ' beliefs were.

In fact, the attacks directed against the philosophers by Gazzali in his work, " TuḦfat al-Falasafa " ( The Destruction of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism, they thereafter making their theories clearer and their logic closer.

Michiel describes the Philosophers as having been completed by Sebastiano del Piombo, and the Venus as finished by Titian ( it is now generally agreed that Titian did the landscape ).

Philosophers ( and other users of logic ) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing ( or intentionally adding ) ambiguity in arguments, because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.

* Kirk G. S .; Raven, J. E. and Schofield, M. ( 1983 ) The Presocratic Philosophers: a critical history with a selection of texts ( 2nd ed.

Philosophers argue this evades the issue.

Philosophers have many differing views on what the fundamental categories of being are.

Philosophers since the time of Descartes and Locke have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and pin down its essential properties.

Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

* < span id =" DK " class =" citation "> Freeman, Kathleen & Diels, Hermann ; Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: a complete translation of the fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker.

Marx explicitly developed the notion of critique into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his Theses on Feuerbach, " Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways ; the point is to change it.

Philosophers call such propositions " analytic.

* Føllesdal, Dagfinn, 1972, " An Introduction to Phenomenology for Analytic Philosophers " in Olson, R. E., and Paul, A. M., eds., Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia.

Philosophers identify independent, logical reasoning as a precondition to most western science, engineering, economic and political theory.

The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three letters, which are to be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius ' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, reported as well in Diogenes ' book X, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.

From at least the days of the Greek Philosophers, the relationship between faith and reason has been hotly debated.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume V: Modern Philosophy: The British Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume.

Several schools of thought existed within the medical field during Galen's lifetime, the main two being the Empiricists and Rationalists ( also called Dogmatists or Philosophers ), with the Methodists being a smaller group.

* van der Eijk P. Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity: Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease. Cambridge University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-521-81800-1, ISBN 978-0-521-81800-1