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Formally the boundary values can be defined as below :-
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Formally and boundary
More rigorously, the divergence of a vector field F at a point p is defined as the limit of the net flow of F across the smooth boundary of a three dimensional region V divided by the volume of V as V shrinks to p. Formally,
Formally and values
Formally it is precisely in allowing quantification over class variables α, β, etc., that we assume a range of values for these variables to refer to.
Formally, a constraint satisfaction problem is defined as a triple, where is a set of variables, is a domain of values, and is a set of constraints.
Formally, the case where only a subset of parameters is defined is still a composite hypothesis ; nonetheless, the term point hypothesis is often applied in such cases, particularly where the hypothesis test can be structured in such a way that the distribution of the test statistic ( the distribution under the null hypothesis ) does not depend on the parameters whose values have not been specified under the point null hypothesis.
Formally, the Mahalanobis distance of a multivariate vector from a group of values with mean and covariance matrix is defined as:
Formally, if f is a harmonic function, then f cannot exhibit a true local maximum within the domain of definition of f. In other words, either f is a constant function, or, for any point inside the domain of f, there exist other points arbitrarily close to at which f takes larger values.
Formally, the extension of a predicate in a first-order model is the set of tuples of values this predicate assign to true in the model.
Formally, the upper density of a graph G is the infimum of the values α such that the finite subgraphs of G with density α have a bounded number of vertices.
Formally and can
Formally, arbitrage transactions have negative skew – prices can get a small amount closer ( but often no closer than 0 ), while they can get very far apart.
Formally the " head of state " can also personally be the " head of government " ( ex officio or by ad hoc cumulation such as an absolute monarch nominating himself ) but otherwise has formal precedence over the Head of Government and other ministers, whether he is their actual political superior ( absolute monarch, executive president ) or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character.
Formally, in the finite-dimensional case, if the linear map is represented as a multiplication by a matrix A and the translation as the addition of a vector, an affine map acting on a vector can be represented as
Formally, a decision problem is P-complete ( complete for the complexity class P ) if it is in P and that every problem in P can be reduced to it by using an appropriate reduction.
Formally, a unique factorization domain is defined to be an integral domain R in which every non-zero and non-unit x of R can be written as a product ( including an empty product ) of irreducible elements p < sub > i </ sub > of R and a unit u:
Formally, a function ƒ is real analytic on an open set D in the real line if for any x < sub > 0 </ sub > in D one can write
Formally, the problem of supervised pattern recognition can be stated as follows: Given an unknown function ( the ground truth ) that maps input instances to output labels, along with training data assumed to represent accurate examples of the mapping, produce a function that approximates as closely as possible the correct mapping.
Formally, the problem can be stated as follows: given a desired property, expressed as a temporal logic formula p, and a structure M with initial state s, decide if.
Formally, the poem can be understood as the combination of two sonnets, though the spacing of the stanzas is irregular.
Formally, Mbenga – Mbuti Pygmy music consists of at most only four parts, and can be described as an, " ostinato with variations ," or similar to a passacaglia, in that it is cyclical.
Formally, the complexity class MA is the set of decision problems that can be decided in polynomial time by an Arthur – Merlin protocol where Merlin's only move precedes any computation by Arthur.
Formally, a system is said to be observable if, for any possible sequence of state and control vectors, the current state can be determined in finite time using only the outputs ( this definition is slanted towards the state space representation ).
Formally, the definition only requires some invertibility, so we can substitute for Q any matrix M whose eigenvalues do not include − 1.
Formally, given a finite set X, a collection C of subsets of X, all of size n, has Property B if we can partition X into two disjoint subsets Y and Z such that every set in C meets both Y and Z.
Formally, the issue is that interfertile " able to interbreed " is not a transitive relation – if A can breed with B, and B can breed with C, it does not follow that A can breed with C – and thus does not define an equivalence relation.
Formally and be
However, shortly after this positive result, Kurt Gödel published On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems ( 1931 ), showing that in any sufficiently strong axiomatic system there are true statements which cannot be proved in the system.
Formally, if M is a set, the identity function f on M is defined to be that function with domain and codomain M which satisfies
Formally, a frame is defined to be a lattice L in which finite meets distribute over arbitrary joins, i. e. every ( even infinite ) subset
Formally, the convex hull may be defined as the intersection of all convex sets containing X or as the set of all convex combinations of points in X.
Formally, a detailed balanced process is the one on which the probability to be in the state x and transit to x ' must be the same as to be in the state x ' and transit to x.
If R is a ring, let R denote the ring of polynomials in the indeterminate X over R. Hilbert proved that if R is " not too large ", in the sense that if R is Noetherian, the same must be true for R. Formally,
Formally, a government would lay out its reasons for going to war, as well as its intentions in prosecuting it and the steps that might be taken to avert it.
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