Phylogenetic analysis by Chris Organ, Charles Nunn, Zarin Machanda, and Richard Wrangham suggests that cooking may have been invented as far back as 1. 8 million to 2. 3 million years ago.

Phylogenetic studies have not indicated a correlation between evolution of Sodalis and tsetse.

Phylogenetic studies generally have shown the clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ) is basal to this group.

Phylogenetic analyses have become essential in researching the evolutionary tree of life.

Phylogenetic studies using mtDNA suggest that some morphological features have evolved more than once including the back and chin colour.

Phylogenetic analyses have shown that mimids are most closely related to starlings ( Sibley & Monroe 1990, Zuccon et al.

Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA and protein sequences of poliovirus ( PV ) suggests that PV may have evolved from a C-cluster coxsackie A virus ancestor, that arose through a mutation within the capsid.

Phylogenetic algorithms that permit the comparison of homologies led to phylogenetic trees that have a similar topology, independent of the gene analyzed.

Phylogenetic studies strongly suggest that PVs normally evolve together with their mammalian and bird host species, do not change host species, do not recombine, and have maintained their basic genomic organization for a period exceeding 100 million years.

Phylogenetic relationships among neogastropod superfamilies based on morphological characters are rather unstable, and for instance, Cancellarioidea or Buccinoidea have been alternatively proposed as the sister group of the remaining Neogastropoda.

Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA sequences have shown that the genus Actinomyces is quite diverse, exhibiting polyphyletic branching into several clusters.

Phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that this broadly defined Loganiaceae was a polyphyletic assemblage, and numerous genera have been removed from Loganiaceae to other families ( sometimes in other orders ), e. g., Gentianaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Plocospermataceae, Tetrachondraceae, Buddlejaceae, and Gesneriaceae.

Phylogenetic studies have also demonstrated that the ancestor of Androsace first appeared about 35 Mya ago and was most probably an annual species.

Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences from a variety of North American species have delineated five distinct clades within the core Laetiporus clade:

Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition.

Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition.

Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition.

Phylogenetic relationships between these families are difficult to determine.

Phylogenetic analysis of these genes places the adenoviruses ( Adenoviridae ), bacteriophages ( Caudovirales ) and the plant and fungal linear plasmids into a single clade.

Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition.

The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood Phylogenetic tree # Special tree types | phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes.

Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition.

Phylogenetic tree | Evolutionary tree showing the common ancestry of all three Domain ( biology ) | domains of life.

Phylogenetic analysis, however, indicates that the monocots are a development from a dicot ancestor.

Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits ( e. g., anatomical or molecular characteristics ) and the distribution of organisms ( biogeography ).

High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations.

Phylogenetic analysis shows that the devil is most closely related to quolls.

Phylogenetic analysis identified seven genotypes of yellow fever viruses, and it is assumed that they are differently adapted to humans and to the vector Aedes aegypti.

Phylogenetic classification is based solely on phylogeny.

Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another, rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone.

Phylogeny | Phylogenetic tree of West Nile virus es based on sequencing of the Viral envelope | envelope gene during complete genome sequencing of the virus.

Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of Sipuncula within Annelida.

Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S ribosomal gene has revealed that the Acanthocephala are most closely related to the rotifers.

Certain Songhay-Mande similarities have long been observed ( at least since Westermann ), and Mukarovsky ( 1966 ), Denis Creissels ( 1981 ) and Nicolaï ( 1977, 1984 ) investigated the possibility of a Mande relationship ; Creissels made some 50 comparisons, including many body parts and morphological suffixes ( such as the causative in-endi ), while Nicolaï claimed some 450 similar words as well as some conspicuous typological traits.

They have made also typological comparisons.

Other authors have discussed analogies ( similar folklore motifs, purely typological considerations, and certain binary pairs in symbolics ) may be related to a dualistic organization of society — some dualistic features can be found in comparisons with these peoples.

The lack of progress made in defining creoles in terms of their morphology and syntax has led scholars such as Robert Chaudenson, Salikoko Mufwene and Henri Wittmann to question the value of creole as a typological class ; they argue that creoles are structurally no different from any other language, and that creole is a sociohistoric concept — not a linguistic one — encompassing displaced population and slavery.

Furthermore, they argued that many of the typological features of the supposed Altaic languages, such as agglutinative morphology and SOV word order, usually co-occur in languages.

The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient Kingdom of Iberia farther east in the Mediterranean and further by some typological similarities between the two languages.

" However, in the case of the so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages ( a concept he introduced ), it was based on the typological feature of gender and a " fallacious theory of language mixture.

Macedonian, along with Bulgarian and the transitional southern Serbian varieties ( Torlakian ) also forms a part of the Balkan Sprachbund, a group of languages which share typological, grammatical and lexical features based on geographical convergence, rather than genetic proximity.

Halliday's concern is with " naturally occurring language in actual contexts of use " in a large typological range of languages whereas Chomsky is concerned only with the formal properties of languages such as English, which he thinks are indicative of the nature of what he calls Universal Grammar.

Some scholars have doubted whether the Niger-Congo languages is a valid genetic unit or rather a typological grouping, but specialists today consider it to be a valid phylum, although there is no consensus on the subclassification.

Berlin and Kay's 1969 study of color terms across languages concluded that there are universal typological principles of color naming that are determined by biological factors with little or no room for relativity related effects.

This suggests that Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from Proto-Afroasiatic before being recorded, that the Afroasiatic phylum has as of yet been studied with an excessively Semito-centric approach, or that Afroasiatic is a typological rather than genetic grouping of languages.

The main relationships between Dravidian, Uralic, and Altaic languages were considered typological.

2007 < http :// www. britannica. com / eb / article-27199 >.</ ref > Today languages are classified based on the method of comparative linguistics rather than their typological features.

The primary typological division in Australian languages: Pama – Nyungan languages ( tan ) and non-Pama – Nyungan languages ( brown and grey ).

In linguistics, verb-framing and satellite-framing are typological descriptions of how verb phrases in different languages describe the path of motion or the manner of motion, respectively.

According to linguist Roger Blench, as of 2004, all specialists in Niger – Congo languages believe the languages to have a common origin, rather than merely constituting a typological classification, for reasons including their shared noun-class system, their shared verbal extensions and their shared basic lexicon.

In interjections, but not in normal words, pulmonic ingressive vowels such as frequently occur in Scandinavian languages, e. g. Swedish, and contrary to the common view that pulmonic ingressive speech is restricted to northern Europe, speech technologist Robert Eklund has recently shown that it occurs on most continents, in a wide variety of languages of different typological origins, e. g. and Ewe.

The existence of certain PIE typological features in Northwest Caucasian languages may hint at an early Sprachbund or substratum that reached geographically to the PIE homelands.

This same type of languages, featuring complex verbs of which the current Northwest Caucasian languages might have been the sole survivors, was cited by Peter Schrijver to indicate a local lexical and typological reminiscence in western Europe pointing to a possible Neolithic substratum.

Presenting a typology of causatives and causation based on a database of 600 languages, Song ( 1996 ) is very critical of typological work that depends on statistical inference, citing data from the Niger-Congo family that contradicts some earlier claims that “ languages within genera are generally fairly similar typologically ”.